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PloS one2024; 19(11); e0313783; doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0313783

Treatment approaches to horses with acute diarrhea admitted to referral institutions: A multicenter retrospective study.

Abstract: This study aimed to describe and compare therapeutic approaches for horses with acute diarrhea in different geographic regions worldwide. Methods: Clinical information was retrospectively collected from diarrheic horses presented to participating institutions between 2016 and 2020, including fluid therapy on admission, antimicrobial drugs, probiotics, anti-endotoxic medications, anti-inflammatory drugs, gastroprotectants, digital cryotherapy, and toxin-binding agents. Seasonal and geographic differences were investigated. Results: 1438 horses from 26 participating hospitals from 5 continents were included. On admission, 65% (926/1419) of horses were administered a fluid bolus. Antimicrobial drugs were administered to 55% (792/1419) within the first 24 hours of admission, with penicillin and gentamicin being the most used combination (25%, 198/792). Horses with leukopenia (OR: 2.264, 95%CI: 1.754 to 2.921; P<0.001) or meeting systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria (OR: 2.542, 95%CI: 1.919 to 3.368; P<0.001) had higher odds of being administered antimicrobial drugs. Other treatments administered included probiotics (15%, 215/1438), polymyxin B (13%; 187/1438), pentoxifylline (8%; 118/1438), gastroprotectants (44%; 626/1419), digital cryotherapy (34%; 489/1435), plasma transfusion (13%; 182/1410) and toxin-binding agents (36%; 515/1438). Conclusions: Due to the retrospective nature of the study, the rationale for treatment decisions was unavailable, and associations with survival could not be evaluated. Conclusions: Treatments varied between hospitals from different geographic regions. Prospective clinical trials are required to evaluate the effects of various treatments on survival.
Copyright: © 2024 Gomez et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
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Publication Date: 2024-11-20 PubMed ID: 39565809PubMed Central: PMC11578493DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0313783Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article
  • Multicenter Study

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The study aims to understand and compare the treatment methods used for horses with acute diarrhea across different geographical regions worldwide. The treatments included fluid therapy, antimicrobial drugs, probiotics, anti-endotoxic medications, anti-inflammatory drugs, and other measures. It concluded with the understanding of variation in treatment methods but due to its retrospective nature, couldn’t assess the success rate of the treatments.

Methods

  • The researchers retrospectively gathered clinical data from horses with diarrhea admitted to participating hospitals worldwide from 2016 to 2020.
  • The treatments noted included fluid therapy upon admission, use of antimicrobial drugs, probiotics, anti-endotoxic medications, anti-inflammatory drugs, gastroprotectants, digital cryotherapy, and toxin-binding agents.
  • The study also focused on exploring seasonal and geographical differences in the above-mentioned treatment approaches.

Results

  • The study included data from 1438 horses admitted to 26 participating hospitals from five different continents.
  • In terms of fluid therapy, 65% of horses were administered a fluid bolus upon admission.
  • For antimicrobial drugs, 55% of the horses were given these drugs within the first 24 hours of admission with Penicillin and Gentamicin being the most commonly used drugs.
  • Other treatments included probiotics, polymyxin B, pentoxifylline, gastroprotectants, digital cryotherapy, plasma transfusion, and toxin-binding agents in varying proportions.
  • It was found horses with leukopenia or meeting systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria had higher odds of being administered antimicrobial drugs.

Conclusions

  • Due to the retrospective nature of the study, it couldn’t provide reasonings behind different treatment decisions and associations with survival couldn’t be evaluated.
  • However, it was concluded that treatments varied between hospitals from different geographic regions.
  • Future prospective clinical trials are suggested by the study to evaluate the effects of these varied treatments on horse survival rates.

Cite This Article

APA
Gomez DE, Kopper JJ, Byrne DP, Renaud DL, Schoster A, Dunkel B, Arroyo LG, Mykkanen A, Gilsenan WF, Pihl TH, Lopez-Navarro G, Tennent-Brown BS, Hostnik LD, Mora-Pereira M, Marques F, Gold JR, DeNotta SL, Desjardins I, Stewart AJ, Kuroda T, Schaefer E, Oliver-Espinosa OJ, Agne GF, Uberti B, Veiras P, Delph Miller KM, Gialleti R, John E, Toribio RE. (2024). Treatment approaches to horses with acute diarrhea admitted to referral institutions: A multicenter retrospective study. PLoS One, 19(11), e0313783. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0313783

Publication

PloS one
ISSN: 1932-6203
NlmUniqueID: 101285081
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 19
Issue: 11
Pages: e0313783
PII: e0313783

Researcher Affiliations

Gomez, Diego E
  • Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
Kopper, Jamie J
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa, United States of America.
Byrne, David P
  • School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.
Renaud, David L
  • Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
Schoster, Angelika
  • Vetsuisse Faculty, Equine Department University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
  • Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Equine Clinic, Oberschleissheim, Germany.
Dunkel, Bettina
  • Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom.
Arroyo, Luis G
  • Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
Mykkanen, Anna
  • Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Gilsenan, William F
  • Rood and Riddle Equine Hospital, Lexington, KY, United States of America.
Pihl, Tina H
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark.
Lopez-Navarro, Gabriela
  • Departamento de Medicina, Cirugía y Zootecnia Equina, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico.
Tennent-Brown, Brett S
  • U-Vet Werribee Animal Hospital and Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia.
Hostnik, Laura D
  • College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America.
Mora-Pereira, Mariano
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States of America.
Marques, Fernando
  • Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America.
Gold, Jenifer R
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America.
  • Wisconsin Equine Clinic and Hospital, Oconomowoc, WI, United States of America.
DeNotta, Sally L
  • Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America.
Desjardins, Isabelle
  • University of Lyon, VetAgro Sup, GREMERES-ICE Lyon Equine Research Center, Marcy l'Etoile, France.
Stewart, Allison J
  • School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia.
Kuroda, Taisuke
  • Clinical Veterinary Medicine Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan.
Schaefer, Emily
  • Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center, Leesburg, VA, United States of America.
Oliver-Espinosa, Olimpo J
  • Clinica de Grandes Animales, Departamento de Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Bogota de Santa Fe, Bogota, Colombia.
Agne, Gustavo Ferlini
  • School of Animal and Veterinary Science, Roseworthy Campus, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
Uberti, Benjamin
  • Instituto de Ciencias Clinicas Veterinarias, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
  • Equine Veterinary Medical Center, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar.
Veiras, Pablo
  • Fethard Equine Hospital, Fethard, Tipperary, Ireland.
Delph Miller, Katie M
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, United States of America.
Gialleti, Rodolfo
  • Centro di Ricerca del Cavallo Sportivo, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
John, Emily
  • Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, United States of America.
Toribio, Ramiro E
  • College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America.

MeSH Terms

  • Horses
  • Animals
  • Retrospective Studies
  • Horse Diseases / drug therapy
  • Horse Diseases / therapy
  • Diarrhea / drug therapy
  • Diarrhea / veterinary
  • Diarrhea / therapy
  • Male
  • Female
  • Acute Disease
  • Probiotics / therapeutic use
  • Fluid Therapy / methods
  • Anti-Bacterial Agents / therapeutic use
  • Referral and Consultation

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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