Trials of an inactivated equid herpesvirus 1 vaccine: challenge with a subtype 1 virus.
Abstract: Vaccinated yearlings , two-year-old and in-foal pony mares with appropriate controls were exposed to aerosols of a subtype 1 virus one to two months after two or three vaccinations; all became infected. No obvious differences in the febrile responses, clinical signs and subsequent abortions were found between vaccinated and control mares. All vaccinated yearlings and two-year-old ponies developed a febrile respiratory disease but this was less severe than that suffered by the controls and the amounts and duration of virus shedding were reduced.
Publication Date: 1984-04-14 PubMed ID: 6328728DOI: 10.1136/vr.114.15.369Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Clinical Trial
- Comparative Study
- Journal Article
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
Summary
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The research article investigates the effectiveness of a vaccine against equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) in young horses and pregnant mares. Despite vaccinations, all test animals still became infected when exposed to the virus, but the vaccinated young horses and two-year-olds experienced milder symptoms and shed the virus for shorter periods.
Methodology and Study Groups
- The study involved yearlings, two-year-old horses, and pregnant pony mares. Some of the animals were vaccinated against EHV-1, while others served as non-vaccinated controls for comparison.
- Approximately one to two months after receiving two or three doses of the EHV-1 vaccine, all animals were intentionally exposed to the virus through aerosols.
Observations and Findings
- All animals, regardless of their vaccination status, became infected after exposure to EHV-1. This demonstrates that the vaccine does not fully prevent EHV-1 infection.
- No significant differences were noted in the febrile responses, clinical signs, and number of future miscarriages between vaccinated and control mares, suggesting that the vaccine had limited or no protective effect in this particular group.
- In contrast, while vaccinated yearlings and two-year-old horses also developed febrile (feverish) respiratory disease, their symptoms were less severe than those in the non-vaccinated control group.
- Furthermore, the vaccinated yearlings and two-year-old horses shed the virus for shorter durations and in smaller amounts compared to the non-vaccinated control group. This indicates that, while the vaccine doesn’t prevent infection, it may limit virus replication and improve disease outcomes in these younger horses.
Implications of the Study
- The EHV-1 vaccine appears to be partially effective by ameliorating disease severity and reducing virus shedding in vaccinated yearlings and two-year-old horses.
- However, the protection seems to be less effective in pregnant pony mares, with the vaccine not significantly lowering the risk of miscarriage, an important consideration as EHV-1 can cause abortion in equines.
- Further research is needed to improve the EHV-1 vaccine and extend its protection more effectively across all age and demographic groups of horses.
Cite This Article
APA
Burrows R, Goodridge D, Denyer MS.
(1984).
Trials of an inactivated equid herpesvirus 1 vaccine: challenge with a subtype 1 virus.
Vet Rec, 114(15), 369-374.
https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.114.15.369 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
MeSH Terms
- Abortion, Veterinary / prevention & control
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral / biosynthesis
- Clinical Trials as Topic / veterinary
- Female
- Herpesviridae / immunology
- Herpesviridae Infections / immunology
- Herpesviridae Infections / prevention & control
- Herpesviridae Infections / veterinary
- Herpesvirus 1, Equid / immunology
- Horse Diseases / immunology
- Horse Diseases / prevention & control
- Horses
- Pregnancy
- Vaccination / veterinary
- Vaccines, Attenuated / immunology
- Viral Vaccines / immunology
- Viremia / prevention & control
- Viremia / veterinary
Citations
This article has been cited 17 times.- Allkofer A, Garvey M, Ryan E, Lyons R, Ryan M, Lukaseviciute G, Walsh C, Venner M, Cullinane A. Primary vaccination in foals: a comparison of the serological response to equine influenza and equine herpesvirus vaccines administered concurrently or 2 weeks apart. Arch Virol 2021 Feb;166(2):571-579.
- Day MJ, Carey S, Clercx C, Kohn B, MarsilIo F, Thiry E, Freyburger L, Schulz B, Walker DJ. Aetiology of Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease Complex and Prevalence of its Pathogens in Europe. J Comp Pathol 2020 Apr;176:86-108.
- Kim SK, Shakya AK, O'Callaghan DJ. Intranasal treatment with CpG-B oligodeoxynucleotides protects CBA mice from lethal equine herpesvirus 1 challenge by an innate immune response. Antiviral Res 2019 Sep;169:104546.
- Kim SK, Shakya AK, O'Callaghan DJ. Immunization with Attenuated Equine Herpesvirus 1 Strain KyA Induces Innate Immune Responses That Protect Mice from Lethal Challenge. J Virol 2016 Sep 15;90(18):8090-104.
- Smith PM, Kahan SM, Rorex CB, von Einem J, Osterrieder N, O'Callaghan DJ. Expression of the full-length form of gp2 of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) completely restores respiratory virulence to the attenuated EHV-1 strain KyA in CBA mice. J Virol 2005 Apr;79(8):5105-15.
- Smith PM, Zhang Y, Grafton WD, Jennings SR, O'Callaghan DJ. Severe murine lung immunopathology elicited by the pathogenic equine herpesvirus 1 strain RacL11 correlates with early production of macrophage inflammatory proteins 1alpha, 1beta, and 2 and tumor necrosis factor alpha. J Virol 2000 Nov;74(21):10034-40.
- Bartels T, Steinbach F, Hahn G, Ludwig H, Borchers K. In situ study on the pathogenesis and immune reaction of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) infections in mice. Immunology 1998 Mar;93(3):329-34.
- Smith PM, Zhang Y, Jennings SR, O'Callaghan DJ. Characterization of the cytolytic T-lymphocyte response to a candidate vaccine strain of equine herpesvirus 1 in CBA mice. J Virol 1998 Jul;72(7):5366-72.
- Charan S, Palmer K, Chester P, Mire-Sluis AR, Meager A, Edington N. Transforming growth factor-beta induced by live or ultraviolet-inactivated equid herpes virus type-1 mediates immunosuppression in the horse. Immunology 1997 Apr;90(4):586-91.
- Tewari D, Gibson JS, Slater JD, O'Neill T, Hannant D, Allen GP, Field HJ. Modulation of the serological response of specific pathogen-free (EHV-free) foals to EHV-1 by previous infection with EHV-4 or a TK-deletion mutant of EHV-1. Arch Virol 1993;132(1-2):101-20.
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- Bridges CG, Ledger N, Edington N. The characterization of equine herpes virus-1-infected cell polypeptides recognized by equine lymphocytes. Immunology 1988 Feb;63(2):193-8.
- Bridges CG, Edington N. Genetic restriction of cytolysis during equid herpesvirus 1 subtype 2 infection. Clin Exp Immunol 1987 Nov;70(2):276-82.
- Gibson JS, Slater JD, Awan AR, Field HJ. Pathogenesis of equine herpesvirus-1 in specific pathogen-free foals: primary and secondary infections and reactivation. Arch Virol 1992;123(3-4):351-66.
- Pusterla N, Dorman DC, Burgess BA, Goehring L, Gross M, Osterrieder K, Soboll Hussey G, Lunn DP. Viremia and nasal shedding for the diagnosis of equine herpesvirus-1 infection in domesticated horses. J Vet Intern Med 2024 May-Jun;38(3):1765-1791.
- Osterrieder K, Dorman DC, Burgess BA, Goehring LS, Gross P, Neinast C, Pusterla N, Hussey GS, Lunn DP. Vaccination for the prevention of equine herpesvirus-1 disease in domesticated horses: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Vet Intern Med 2024 May-Jun;38(3):1858-1871.
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