Trophectoderm projections: a potential means for locomotion, attachment and implantation of bovine, equine and human blastocysts.
Abstract: The behaviour of bovine, equine and human blastocysts was studied in vitro by time-lapse videomicrography and computer imaging. This study revealed that cytoplasmic extensions of the trophectoderm ['trophectoderm projections' (TEP)] were expressed by embryos of all three species, prior to or during zona escape. Bovine and human blastocysts escaped their zonae with a combination of blastocoele expansion, collapse and re-expansion coupled with the penetration of the zona pellucida by TEP. In equine embryos, after several cycles of blastocoele expansion and collapse, trophectoderm ruptured the zona with the concomitant appearance of TEP. This study provides documentation that TEP are expressed by a diverse range of mammalian species, bringing the total number of species in which this phenomenon is found to six, since TEP are also known to be expressed by guinea-pig, hamster and rhesus monkey blastocysts, representing rodents, ungulates and primates. In all species studied, the dynamic nature (extension, retraction, and angular movement) of the TEP was similar, moving in an undulating manner with rapid cycles of extension and retraction. Because TEP appear to be a general feature of mammalian blastocysts, they are implicated in one or more key events in early development, namely zona escape, attachment and/or implantation.
Publication Date: 1996-12-01 PubMed ID: 9021382DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a019201Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
Summary
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This research studied the behavior of bovine, equine, and human blastocysts, discovering that all three species exhibit ‘trophectoderm projections’, which could play a key role in early development activities such as movement, attachment, and implantation.
Overview of the Research
- The researchers used time-lapse videomicrography and computer imaging to examine the behavior of bovine, equine, and human embryos in vitro (in a controlled environment outside of a living organism).
- The main focus was to study the ‘trophectoderm projections’ (TEP) – extensions of the trophectoderm, the layer of cells that will eventually form the embryo’s placenta.
The Behavior of the Embryos
- The study demonstrated that TEP were present in embryos of all three species (bovine, equine, and human) before or during the stage at which the embryos exit the protective casing known as the zona pellucida.
- The researchers noticed that bovine and human embryos exited this casing through a combination of blastocoele expansion, collapse, re-expansion, and penetration of the casing by TEP.
- For equine embryos, the trophectoderm ruptured the zona after several cycles of blastocoele expansion and contraction, alongside the appearance of TEP.
Previous Knowledge and Implications of the Study
- Before this study, TEP were known to be expressed by three other species: guinea-pig, hamster, and rhesus monkey. With the addition of humans, bovines, and equines, the total number of species known to express TEP comes to six, representing a broad range of mammalian species.
- According to the researchers, the dynamic behavior of TEP is similar in all species. They extend, retract, and move in angular directions rapidly, behaving as if they are undulating.
- The study concludes by suggesting that TEP may play a crucial role in key early developmental events; they appear to be a distinct feature of mammalian blastocysts and may contribute to the embryos’ escape from the zona, the process of attachment, and possibly implantation into the womb.
Cite This Article
APA
Gonzales DS, Jones JM, Pinyopummintr T, Carnevale EM, Ginther OJ, Shapiro SS, Bavister BD.
(1996).
Trophectoderm projections: a potential means for locomotion, attachment and implantation of bovine, equine and human blastocysts.
Hum Reprod, 11(12), 2739-2745.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a019201 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Animal Health & Biomedical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706, USA.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Blastocyst / ultrastructure
- Cattle
- Cricetinae
- Ectoderm / ultrastructure
- Embryo Implantation
- Female
- Fetal Movement
- Humans
- Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
- Microscopy, Video
- Sheep
- Zona Pellucida
Citations
This article has been cited 16 times.- Yang H, Yang D, Zhu Q, Wang K, Zhang C, Chen B, Zou W, Hao Y, Ding D, Yu Z, Ji D, Chen D, Cao Y, Zou H, Zhang Z. Application of Two Blastocyst Biopsy Strategies in Preimplantation Genetic Testing Treatment and Assessment of Their Effects.. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022;13:852620.
- Hawkins J, Miao X, Cui W, Sun Y. Biophysical optimization of preimplantation embryo culture: what mechanics can offer ART.. Mol Hum Reprod 2021 Jan 22;27(1).
- Liu SJ, Sun JB, Hao X, Han Z, Wen X, Wang XY, Zhou CJ, Liang CG. Blastocyst hatching site is regularly distributed and does not influence foetal development in mice.. Sci Rep 2020 Feb 12;10(1):2475.
- Sciorio R, Thong KJ, Pickering SJ. Spontaneous blastocyst collapse as an embryo marker of low pregnancy outcome: A Time-Lapse study.. JBRA Assist Reprod 2020 Jan 30;24(1):34-40.
- Carrasco B, Arroyo G, Gil Y, Gómez MJ, Rodríguez I, Barri PN, Veiga A, Boada M. Selecting embryos with the highest implantation potential using data mining and decision tree based on classical embryo morphology and morphokinetics.. J Assist Reprod Genet 2017 Aug;34(8):983-990.
- Negrón-Pérez VM, Hansen PJ. The bovine embryo hatches from the zona pellucida through either the embryonic or abembryonic pole.. J Assist Reprod Genet 2017 Jun;34(6):725-731.
- Sanmee U, Piromlertamorn W, Vutyavanich T. The effect of the site of laser zona opening on the complete hatching of mouse blastocysts and their cell numbers.. Clin Exp Reprod Med 2016 Sep;43(3):152-6.
- Araki Y, Matsui Y, Iizumi A, Tsuchiya S, Kaneko Y, Sato K, Ozaki T, Araki Y, Nishimura M. Effect of the presence of trophectoderm vesicles on blastocyst in relation to in vitro hatching, clinical pregnancy, and miscarriage rates.. Hum Cell 2016 Oct;29(4):176-80.
- Prudent J, Popgeorgiev N, Bonneau B, Gillet G. Bcl-2 proteins, cell migration and embryonic development: lessons from zebrafish.. Cell Death Dis 2015 Oct 15;6(10):e1910.
- Erbach GT, Biggers JD, Manning PC, Nowak RA. Localization of parathyroid hormone-related protein in the preimplantation mouse embryo is associated with events of blastocyst hatching.. J Assist Reprod Genet 2013 Aug;30(8):1009-15.
- Ren X, Liu Q, Chen W, Zhu G, Zhang H. Effect of the site of assisted hatching on vitrified-warmed blastocyst transfer cycles: a prospective randomized study.. J Assist Reprod Genet 2013 Jun;30(5):691-7.
- Miao YL, Williams CJ. Calcium signaling in mammalian egg activation and embryo development: the influence of subcellular localization.. Mol Reprod Dev 2012 Nov;79(11):742-56.
- Kolahi KS, Donjacour A, Liu X, Lin W, Simbulan RK, Bloise E, Maltepe E, Rinaudo P. Effect of substrate stiffness on early mouse embryo development.. PLoS One 2012;7(7):e41717.
- Jordan NV, Johnson GL, Abell AN. Tracking the intermediate stages of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in epithelial stem cells and cancer.. Cell Cycle 2011 Sep 1;10(17):2865-73.
- Hammadeh ME, Fischer-Hammadeh C, Ali KR. Assisted hatching in assisted reproduction: a state of the art.. J Assist Reprod Genet 2011 Feb;28(2):119-28.
- Wu R, Xu C, Jin F, Tan Z, Gu B, Chen L, Yao X, Zhang M. Derivation, characterization and differentiation of a new human embryonic stem cell line from a Chinese hatched blastocyst assisted by a non-contact laser system.. Hum Cell 2010 Aug;23(3):89-102.
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