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Home / Equine Research Bank / Emerg Microbes Infect / Tropism, pathology, and transmission of equine parvovirus-he...
Emerging microbes & infections2020; 9(1); 651-663; doi: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1741326

Tropism, pathology, and transmission of equine parvovirus-hepatitis.

Abstract: Equine parvovirus-hepatitis (EqPV-H) has recently been associated with cases of Theiler's disease, a form of fulminant hepatic necrosis in horses. To assess whether EqPV-H is the cause of Theiler's disease, we first demonstrated hepatotropism by PCR on tissues from acutely infected horses. We then experimentally inoculated horses with EqPV-H and 8 of 10 horses developed hepatitis. One horse showed clinical signs of liver failure. The onset of hepatitis was temporally associated with seroconversion and a decline in viremia. Liver histology and in situ hybridization showed lymphocytic infiltrates and necrotic EqPV-H-infected hepatocytes. We next investigated potential modes of transmission. Iatrogenic transmission via allogeneic stem cell therapy for orthopedic injuries was previously suggested in a case series of Theiler's disease, and was demonstrated here for the first time. Vertical transmission and mechanical vectoring by horse fly bites could not be demonstrated in this study, potentially due to limited sample size. We found EqPV-H shedding in oral and nasal secretions, and in feces. Importantly, we could demonstrate EqPV-H transmission via oral inoculation with viremic serum. Together, our findings provide additional information that EqPV-H is the likely cause of Theiler's disease and that transmission of EqPV-H occurs via both iatrogenic and natural routes.
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Publication Date: 2020-03-20 PubMed ID: 32192415PubMed Central: PMC7144241DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1741326Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research study investigates the pathology, transmission, and tropism of equine parvovirus-hepatitis (EqPV-H), a virus associated with Theiler’s disease, a severe liver condition in horses. The study confirms the hepatotropism of EqPV-H and its transmission, both iatrogenically through stem cell therapy for orthopedic injuries and naturally, as evidenced by EqPV-H shedding in oral, nasal secretions and feces.

Investigating Hepatotropism of EqPV-H

  • The study begins by exploring the ‘tropism’ or the specificity of EqPV-H to liver cells. The process involved the use of PCR (polymerase chain reaction), a standard lab technique for amplifying DNA.
  • PCR was performed on tissue samples obtained from acutely infected horses which demonstrated the hepatotropism of EqPV-H, confirming that the virus chiefly invades and affects liver cells.

Experimenting with EqPV-H Inoculations

  • The researchers then inoculated horses with EqPV-H to emulate an infection. The response was observed through the onset of hepatitis in 8 out of 10 horses.
  • One horse demonstrated clinical signs of liver failure, implying severe viral invasion.
  • The initiation of hepatitis was associated with the process of seroconversion (antibody development) and a decline in viremia (virus presence in the bloodstream).
  • Examination of liver histology revealed lymphocytic infiltrates and the presence of necrotic EqPV-H-infected hepatocytes, further confirming the hepatotropic nature of EqPV-H.

Investigating Transmission Modes

  • The study also examined possible transmission modes. A previous case series suggested iatrogenic transmission (related to medical activities) through allogeneic stem cell therapy, a treatment used for orthopedic injuries, which was confirmed in this study.
  • However, vertical transmission (from mother to offspring) and mechanical vectoring (through horse flies) couldn’t be proved to contribute to the spread of the disease, possibly due to the limited sample size used.
  • The researchers also found evidence of EqPV-H shedding through oral and nasal secretions, and in feces.
  • Importantly, the team demonstrated EqPV-H transmission via oral inoculation with viremic serum, providing evidence of a natural transmission route.

Conclusion of the Study

  • In conclusion, this study adds evidence to the claim that EqPV-H is the likely cause of Theiler’s disease.
  • It was revealed that the transmission of EqPV-H occurs via both iatrogenic and natural routes, which is crucial information for preventing the spread of Theiler’s disease.

Cite This Article

APA
Tomlinson JE, Jager M, Struzyna A, Laverack M, Fortier LA, Dubovi E, Foil LD, Burbelo PD, Divers TJ, Van de Walle GR. (2020). Tropism, pathology, and transmission of equine parvovirus-hepatitis. Emerg Microbes Infect, 9(1), 651-663. https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2020.1741326

Publication

Emerging microbes & infections
ISSN: 2222-1751
NlmUniqueID: 101594885
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 9
Issue: 1
Pages: 651-663

Researcher Affiliations

Tomlinson, Joy Ellen
  • Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA.
Jager, Mason
  • Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA.
Struzyna, Alyssa
  • Walnridge Equine Clinic, Cream Ridge, NJ, USA.
Laverack, Melissa
  • New York State Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA.
Fortier, Lisa Ann
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA.
Dubovi, Edward
  • New York State Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA.
Foil, Lane D
  • Entomology Department, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
Burbelo, Peter D
  • Dental Clinical Research Core, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Divers, Thomas J
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA.
Van de Walle, Gerlinde R
  • Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Diptera / virology
  • Feces / virology
  • Female
  • Hepatitis, Viral, Animal / pathology
  • Hepatitis, Viral, Animal / transmission
  • Hepatitis, Viral, Animal / virology
  • Hepatocytes / pathology
  • Hepatocytes / virology
  • Horse Diseases / pathology
  • Horse Diseases / transmission
  • Horse Diseases / virology
  • Horses
  • Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical
  • Insect Vectors / virology
  • Liver / pathology
  • Liver / virology
  • Lymphocytes
  • Male
  • Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation
  • Mesenchymal Stem Cells / virology
  • Mouth / virology
  • Necrosis
  • Parvoviridae Infections / pathology
  • Parvoviridae Infections / transmission
  • Parvoviridae Infections / veterinary
  • Parvoviridae Infections / virology
  • Parvovirus / isolation & purification
  • Parvovirus / pathogenicity
  • Parvovirus / physiology
  • Viral Tropism
  • Viremia
  • Virus Shedding

Grant Funding

  • K08 AI141767 / NIAID NIH HHS

Conflict of Interest Statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

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Citations

This article has been cited 24 times.
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