[Ultrasonography in neonatal foals: Depiction and measurement of the kidneys].
Abstract: Aim of the study was to describe the echotexture and dimensions of the kidneys including the renal pelvis in neonatal foals using transabdominal sonography. Methods: In the course of a preliminary examination, sonographic examinations of the kidneys of 10 dead newborn foals were performed in order to determine their localization, measurement parameters, and echotexture. In subsequent necropsies, the kidneys were measured and the obtained values were compared with the sonographic measurements. A high level of agreement between the both measurement values could be demonstrated. In the main examination, 57 1- to 14-day old foals of different breeds were examined. The intercostal spaces and the fossa paralumbalis of both body halves were scanned in longitudinal direction and the topography and echotexture of the kidneys were evaluated using a standardized sonographic examination procedure. The length and width of the organ as well as the extent of the renal pelvis were measured during the same procedure. The obtained measurement values were analyzed comparatively under consideration of different breeds. Results: The renal capsule was identified sonographically by the depiction of a fine hyperechogenic line. The renal cortex itself proved to be echogenic in the ultrasonographic image and the renal medulla hypoechogenic. The renal pelvis exhibited a hyperechogenic sound image. The mean length and width of the left kidney amounted to 7.1 ± 1.4 cm and 4.2 ± 0.7 cm, respectively. The right kidney measured 6.7 ± 1.4 cm and 3.9 ± 0.7 cm in mean length and width. The measurement of the left renal pelvis resulted in mean values of 1.3 ± 0.7 cm in length and 0.7 ± 0.4 cm in in width. Mean length and width of the right renal pelvis amounted to 1.3 ± 0.6 cm and 0.6 ± 0.4 cm, respectively. The renal pelvis displayed an anechogenic lumen on the left and right sides in 24.6 % and 64.3 % of the foals, respectively. The comparison of the measurement values under consideration of different breeds showed that body weight of the equine neonates did not exhibit a correlation with kidney size. Conclusions: Transabdominal sonography is a reliable diagnostic tool for the evaluation of kidneys in neonatal foals. The description of physiological renal echotexture and dimensions serves to identify pathological conditions. ZIEL: Die Studie hatte zum Ziel, Echotextur und Dimension der Nieren neonataler Fohlen mittels transabdominaler sonografischer Untersuchung zu veranschaulichen. Methods: Im Rahmen einer Voruntersuchung erfolgte eine sonografische Darstellung der Nieren von 10 toten neugeborenen Warmblut-Fohlen mit Erhebung von Lokalisation, Maßen und Echotextur. Bei der sich anschließenden Sektion wurden die Nieren erneut vermessen und diese Ergebnisse mit den sonografisch ermittelten Werten verglichen. Es bestand eine hohe Übereinstimmung zwischen beiden Messwerten. Für die Hauptuntersuchung standen 57 Fohlen unterschiedlicher Rassen zwischen dem 1. und dem 14. Lebenstag zur Verfügung. Anhand eines standardisierten sonografischen Untersuchungsganges wurden die Interkostalräume und die Fossa paralumbalis beider Körperhälften in längsgeführter Schallrichtung gescannt sowie Topografie und Echotextur der Nieren ermittelt. Im selben Arbeitsgang erfolgte eine Vermessung von Länge und Breite des Organs sowie der Ausdehnung des Nierenbeckens. Diese Daten wurden rassevergleichend gegenübergestellt. Unassigned: Die Nierenkapsel ließ sich sonografisch anhand einer feinen hyperechogenen Linie erkennen. Die Nierenrinde selbst stellte sich im sonografischen Bild echogen, das Nierenmark hypoechogen dar. Das Nierenbecken wies ein hyperechogenes Schallbild auf. Die linke Niere war durchschnittlich 7,1 ± 1,4 cm lang und 4,2 ± 0,7 cm breit, die rechte 6,7 ± 1,4 cm lang und 3,9 ± 0,7 cm breit. Das linke Nierenbecken maß 1,3 ± 0,7 cm in der Länge und 0,7 ± 0,4 cm in der Breite. Das rechte Nierenbecken hatte eine Länge von 1,3 ± 0,6 cm und eine Breite von 0,6 ± 0,4 cm. Dieses wies linksseitig bei 24,6 % der Fohlen ein anechogenes Lumen auf, rechtsseitig bei 64,3 % der Fohlen. Beim Rassevergleich konnte tendenziell festgestellt werden, dass das Körpergewicht equiner Neonaten nicht mit der Nierengröße korrelierte. Unassigned: Die transabdominale Sonografie stellt ein zuverlässiges Diagnostikum für die Darstellung der Nieren beim neonatalen Fohlen dar. Durch die Beschreibung der physiologischen Echotextur und Dimensionen können pathologische Zustände abgegrenzt werden.
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.
Publication Date: 2020-04-23 PubMed ID: 32325497DOI: 10.1055/a-1115-8326Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary
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The research describes the use of ultrasonography to assess and measure the kidneys of neonatal foals, establishing typical physiological parameters and areas of concern, such as lack of fluid in the renal pelvis.
Study Design and Methodology
- The study began with a preliminary sonographic examination of the kidneys of 10 deceased newborn foals, helping to determine kidney location, measurement parameters, and echotexture.
- Using subsequent necropsies, the researchers could compare the sonographic kidney dimensions with post mortem measurements. There was a high level of agreement between the two sets of measurements.
- In the main part of the study, 57 foals of different breeds, ranging from 1 to 14 days old, were examined using a standardized sonographic examination procedure.
- The kidneys’ topography and echotexture were evaluated, and their length, width and extent of renal pelvis were also measured.
Results and Findings
- The researchers identified kidney capsules by detecting a fine hyperechoic line via sonography.
- On the sonographic image, the renal cortex appeared echogenic while the renal medulla appeared hypoechogenic. The renal pelvis exhibited a hyperechoic sound image.
- The mean length and width of the left kidney were 7.1 ± 1.4 cm and 4.2 ± 0.7 cm, respectively; the right kidney had mean measurements of 6.7 ± 1.4 cm and 3.9 ± 0.7 cm.
- The renal pelvis in the left kidney averaged 1.3 ± 0.7 cm in length and 0.7 ± 0.4 cm in width; the right renal pelvis had mean measurements of 1.3 ± 0.6 cm (length) and 0.6 ± 0.4 cm (width).
- Anechoic (no sound) lumens were found in the renal pelvis on the left and right sides in 24.6% and 64.3% of the foals, respectively.
- The researchers found no correlation between body weight of equine neonates and kidney size when comparing the measurement values across different breeds.
Conclusion
The study concluded that transabdominal sonography is a dependable diagnostic tool for evaluating kidneys in neonatal foals. Through establishing descriptions of normal renal echotexture and dimensions, pathologies could be more readily identified. The lack of correlation between the body weight of young horses and kidney size further underscores the need for breed-specific considerations when using this diagnostic tool.
Cite This Article
APA
Nieth J, Krohn J.
(2020).
[Ultrasonography in neonatal foals: Depiction and measurement of the kidneys].
Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere, 48(2), 98-105.
https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1115-8326 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Klinikum Veterinärmedizin, Klinik für Geburtshilfe, Gynäkologie und Andrologie der Groß- und Kleintiere mit tierärztlicher Ambulanz, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin der Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn / anatomy & histology
- Female
- Horses / anatomy & histology
- Kidney / diagnostic imaging
- Male
- Ultrasonography
Conflict of Interest Statement
Die Autoren bestätigen, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.
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