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Equine veterinary journal2024; doi: 10.1111/evj.14137

Ultrasonography of the suspensory ligament branches in yearling and 2-year-old Thoroughbred sales horses: Prevalence, progression of findings and associations with racing performance.

Abstract: Equine suspensory ligament branch (branch) ultrasonography is becoming increasingly commonplace presale. No ultrasonographical branch reference data exists for Thoroughbred sales horses. Objective: To define the prevalence of ultrasonographical findings in the forelimb suspensory branches of yearling and 2-year-old sales Thoroughbreds and to analyse associations with racing performance. To track changes in branch findings between 1 and 2 years of age in horses that present for sale at both ages. Methods: Prospective cohort study using an enrolled sample. Methods: Horses were enrolled from a 2016 yearling sale and five 2017 2-year-old sales with consignor permission. Ultrasonography was performed immediately prior to the sales. Ultrasonographical findings relating to branch size, fibrillar pattern, the presence of hyperechoic foci, periligamentar tissue thickness and the adjacent proximal sesamoid bone surface were examined. Associations with racing performance from 2 to 4 years of age were investigated using multivariate regression analyses. Clinical follow-up was sought to ascertain why horses that did not race never started. Results: A total of 593 sales yearlings and 367 2-year-olds had forelimb branch ultrasonography performed. Grade ≥2 fibrillar branch change was present in 8.9% of yearlings and 14.4% of 2-year-olds. A 0.25 cm increase in branch width was associated with a 49-day delayed start to racing careers (P < 0.001, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 21-77 days). The presence of grade 2 hyperechoic foci was associated with significantly lower total earnings (P = 0.01, 95% CI: $2000-$16 022) and lower earnings per start (P = 0.003, 95% CI: $349-$1718) in United States Dollars. Grade 3 fibrillar branch change had clinically important reductions in the probability of racing, the calibre of racing performance and earnings. Grade 1 fibrillar pattern was associated with significantly higher earnings per start (P = 0.004, 95% CI: $2641-$5759). Conclusions: The findings are applicable to horses prepared for public auction and deemed fit to be entered for sale. The results may underestimate the proportion of severe lesions in horses not entered for sale. Conclusions: Reference values specific to young Thoroughbreds have been established. Grade 1 fibrillar branch change should be regarded as an acceptable appearance in sales yearlings and 2-year-olds. Approximately one-third of grade 2 yearling branches progressed to a grade 3 lesion. Evidence of enlarged branch width and grade 2 hyperechoic foci at 2-year-old sales constitute a risk to racing performance. Unassigned: Die Ultraschalluntersuchung der Fesselträgerschenkel (Schenkel) von Pferden wird immer häufiger vor dem Kauf durchgeführt. Es gibt keine ultrasonographischen Referenzdaten für Vollblüter, die zum Verkauf stehen. Unassigned: Bestimmung der Prävalenz von ultrasonographischen Befunden an den Schenkeln der Vordergliedmaßen von Jährlingen und 2‐jährigen Verkaufsvollblütern und Analyse von Zusammenhängen mit der Rennleistung. Verfolgung von Veränderungen der Schenkelbefunde zwischen dem 1. und 2. Lebensjahr bei Pferden, die in beiden Altersstufen zum Verkauf angeboten werden. Methods: Prospektive Kohortenstudie mit einer rekrutierten Stichprobe. Methods: Die Pferde wurden mit der Erlaubnis des Verkäufers aus einem Verkauf von Jährlingen 2016 und fünf Verkäufen von 2‐jährigen Pferden 2017 erfasst. Unmittelbar vor den Verkäufen wurde eine Ultraschalluntersuchung durchgeführt. Die Ultraschallbefunde, die die Größe der Schenkel, das fibrilläre Muster, das Vorhandensein von hyperechogenen Herden, die Dicke des periligamentären Gewebes und die angrenzende Gleichbeinoberfläche betrafen, wurden untersucht. Die Zusammenhänge mit der Rennleistung im Alter von 2 bis 4 Jahren wurden mit Hilfe von multivariaten Regressionsanalysen untersucht. Es wurde eine klinische Nachuntersuchung durchgeführt, um herauszufinden, warum Pferde, die nicht an Rennen teilgenommen haben, nie gestartet sind. Unassigned: Bei insgesamt 593 verkauften Jährlingen und 367 2‐jährigen Pferden wurde eine Ultraschalluntersuchung der Vordergliedmaßen durchgeführt. Bei 8,9% der Jährlinge und 14,4% der 2‐Jährigen lag eine fibrilläre Veränderung des Schenkels Grad ≥2 vor. Eine Zunahme der Astbreite um 0,25 cm war mit einem um 49 Tage verzögerten Beginn der Rennkarriere verbunden (P < 0,001, 95% Konfidenzintervall (CI): 21–77 Tage). Das Vorhandensein von hyperechogenen Herden des Grades 2 war mit einem signifikant niedrigeren Gesamtverdienst (P = 0,01, 95% CI: $2.000–$16.022) und einem niedrigeren Verdienst pro Start (P = 0,003, 95% CI: $349–$1.718) in US Dollar verbunden. Fibrilläre Schenkelveränderungen des Grades 3 führten zu einer klinisch bedeutsamen Verringerung der Rennwahrscheinlichkeit, des Kalibers der Rennleistung und des Gewinns. Das fibrilläre Muster des Grades 1 war mit einem signifikant höheren Verdienst pro Start verbunden (P = 0,004, 95% CI: $2.641–$5.759). Unassigned: Die Feststellungen gelten für Pferde, die für eine öffentliche Versteigerung vorbereitet und für den Verkauf zugelassen sind. Die Ergebnisse könnten den Anteil schwerer Läsionen bei nicht zum Verkauf angemeldeten Pferden unterschätzen. Unassigned: Es wurden spezifische Referenzwerte für junge Vollblüter festgelegt. Fibrilläre Schenkelveränderungen Grad 1 sollten bei verkaufsfähigen Jährlingen und 2‐Jährigen als akzeptables Erscheinungsbild angesehen werden. Etwa ein Drittel der Schenkel der Jährlinge vom Grad 2 entwickelte sich zu einer Läsion vom Grad 3. Der Nachweis einer vergrößerten Schenkelbreite und hyperechogenen Herde vom Grad 2 beim Verkauf von 2‐Jährigen stellt ein Risiko für die Rennleistung dar.
Publication Date: 2024-07-15 PubMed ID: 39007207DOI: 10.1111/evj.14137Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article

Summary

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This research investigates the correlation between ultrasonography findings of the suspensory ligament branches in Thoroughbred sales horses and their later racing performance. The research notes that an increase in branch width can delay a horse’s racing career kick-off, while pronounced ultrasonographical changes may impact the horse’s ability to race altogether and the total earnings from racing.

Research Objective

  • This study has two primary objectives. First, to define the prevalence of ultrasonographical findings and any associated anomalies in the forelimb suspensory branches of yearling and 2-year-old Thoroughbred sales horses. Second, to understand the potential associations between such findings and the future racing performance of these horses.

Methodology

  • The study employed a prospective cohort research design, enrolling Thoroughbreds from a 2016 yearling sale and five 2-year-old sales that happened in 2017. The study acquired relevant consignments to conduct ultrasonography prior to the sales. The ultrasonographical process examined factors such as the branch size, fibrillar pattern, presence of hyperechoic foci, periligamentar tissue thickness, and the adjacent proximal sesamoid bone surface.
  • To investigate associations with future racing performance between 2 to 4 years of age, the study utilised multivariate regression analyses. The study also made substantial clinical follow-ups to understand why horses that were not racing never started.

Findings

  • The research included a total of 593 yearlings and 367 2-year-olds that underwent forelimb branch ultrasonography. The ultrasonography discovered that 8.9% of yearlings and 14.4% of 2-year-olds were diagnosed with a grade ≥2 fibrillar branch change.
  • The research found that a 0.25 cm increase in branch width corresponded to a delay of a horse’s start to racing by roughly 49 days. The presence of Grade 2 hyperechoic foci was associated with notably lower total earnings and lower earnings per start, calculated in USD.
  • Grade 3 fibrillar branch change was linked with significant reductions in the chances of racing, the calibre of racing performance, and earnings. However, a Grade 1 fibrillar pattern was associated with significantly higher earnings per start.

Conclusions

  • The research conclusions indicate that the results are primarily applicable to horses that are prepared for public auction and are considered fit for sale. The study notes that the outcome may underestimate the extent of severe lesions in horses not represented for sale.
  • The findings led to the establishment of reference values specific to young Thoroughbreds. For example, a Grade 1 fibrillar branch change is considered an acceptable appearance in sales yearlings and 2-year-olds. The study also found that about a third of Grade 2 yearling branches progressed to a Grade 3 lesion.
  • Hence, enlarged branch width and the existence of Grade 2 hyperechoic foci at 2-year-old sales may be considered a risk to future racing performance.

Cite This Article

APA
Peat FJ, Kawcak CE, McIlwraith CW, Berk JT, Keenan DP, Selberg KT, Ojeda A. (2024). Ultrasonography of the suspensory ligament branches in yearling and 2-year-old Thoroughbred sales horses: Prevalence, progression of findings and associations with racing performance. Equine Vet J. https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.14137

Publication

ISSN: 2042-3306
NlmUniqueID: 0173320
Country: United States
Language: English

Researcher Affiliations

Peat, Frances J
  • Orthopaedic Research Center, C. Wayne McIlwraith Translational Medicine Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
Kawcak, Christopher E
  • Orthopaedic Research Center, C. Wayne McIlwraith Translational Medicine Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
McIlwraith, C Wayne
  • Orthopaedic Research Center, C. Wayne McIlwraith Translational Medicine Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
Berk, Jeffrey T
  • Equine Medical Associates, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.
Keenan, David P
  • Matamata Veterinary Services Ltd, Matamata, New Zealand.
Selberg, Kurt T
  • Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
Ojeda, Alejandro
  • Department of Statistics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.

Grant Funding

  • Grayson Jockey Club Research Foundation
  • Keeneland Association Ltd
  • Fasig-Tipton Ltd
  • Barbara Banke
  • Bridlewood Farm
  • Flaxman Holdings
  • Maria Niarchos
  • John & Jerry Amerman
  • Foxwood Stables
  • Three Chimneys Farm
  • Ashford Stud
  • John Magnier
  • Dr Mark Dedomenico
  • Consignors & Commercial Breeders Association (Lexington, Kentucky)
  • Marty & Pam Wygod
  • Gary West
  • Dr Ryan Carpenter
  • Antony Beck
  • Gainesway
  • Spendthrift
  • Denali Stud
  • Victoria Chapman

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