Ultrasound-guided cervical centesis to obtain cerebrospinal fluid in the standing horse.
Abstract: Horses with intracranial lesions and severe ataxia are not good anesthesia candidates; however, only one method to obtain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the cervical region in a standing horse has been reported. This method is not performed routinely due to the difficulty for sample acquisition. Our hypothesis is that standing cervical centesis can be performed in horses without complication. Ultrasound-guided centesis of the CSF between C1 and C2 in 11 clinically normal horses and two horses with neurologic signs were performed. Horses were sedated and ultrasound was used to identify the subarachnoid space and spinal cord between C1 and C2. With ultrasound guidance, a needle was introduced into the dorsal aspect of the subarachnoid space using a lateral approach. Ten milliliters of CSF was obtained and analyzed. Two normal horses in this study had moderate red blood cell contamination in the CSF (940 and 612 RBC/microl). One horse had 11 RBC/microl and the remaining horses had < 4 RBC/microl. The total procedure time was approximately 2 min. No reaction was observed and no complications were detected up to 48 h after the procedure. Ultrasound-guided centesis between C1 and C2 is a rapid procedure that causes minimal to no reaction in standing, sedated horses used in this study. The use of ultrasound to guide a standing C1-2 centesis of the subarachnoid space provides an additional route to obtain CSF for analysis in the equine patient.
Publication Date: 2011-08-13 PubMed ID: 21831242DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2011.01855.xGoogle Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
- Anesthesia
- Ataxia
- Cerebrospinal Fluid
- Clinical Pathology
- Clinical Study
- Clinical Symptoms
- Diagnosis
- Diagnostic Technique
- Disease Diagnosis
- Disease Treatment
- Equine Health
- Horses
- In Vivo
- Neurological Diseases
- Noninvasive Procedures
- Sedation
- Ultrasound
- Veterinary Care
- Veterinary Medicine
- Veterinary Procedure
- Veterinary Research
Summary
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The research presents a new method for obtaining cerebrospinal fluid from horses, particularly those with severe ataxia or intracranial lesions, without the need for anesthesia. The ultrasound-guided technique is efficient, safe, and binds minimal to no complications in standing, sedated horses.
Methodology
- The team carried out ultrasound-guided centesis – a procedure to remove fluid for diagnosis or treatment – on the area between C1 and C2 vertebrae in the neck of 11 clinically healthy horses and two horses showcasing neurological symptoms.
- Detailed visualization was carried out using ultrasound to precisely identify the subarachnoid space and the spinal cord located between C1 and C2.
- A needle was carefully inserted into the dorsal subarachnoid space using a lateral approach, all of which was performed under ultrasound guidance.
- On successful needle placement, 10 milliliters of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was extracted and later analysed.
Results
- The majority of horses had less than 4 Red Blood Cells (RBC)/microliter in the CSF obtained. Two of the normal horses had moderate RBC contamination, with counts of 940 and 612 RBC/microliter.
- The total time required for this procedure was roughly 2 minutes.
- None of the horses had any observable adverse reaction during the procedure. Post-procedure monitoring reported no complications up to 48 hours after the process.
Conclusions
- The new method, ultrasound-guided centesis between C1 and C2, was deemed a speedy, minimally invasive procedure that caused little to no discomfort in standing, sedated horses.
- As an additional route to obtain CSF analysis, this technique could provide benefits, especially in cases where horses are not suitable for anesthesia, explaining its potential significance in future veterinary practices.
Cite This Article
APA
Pease A, Behan A, Bohart G.
(2011).
Ultrasound-guided cervical centesis to obtain cerebrospinal fluid in the standing horse.
Vet Radiol Ultrasound, 53(1), 92-95.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8261.2011.01855.x Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. peasean@cvm.msu.edu
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Cervical Vertebrae / diagnostic imaging
- Horse Diseases / cerebrospinal fluid
- Horses / cerebrospinal fluid
- Paracentesis / methods
- Paracentesis / veterinary
- Posture
- Spinal Cord / diagnostic imaging
- Subarachnoid Space / diagnostic imaging
- Ultrasonography, Interventional / veterinary
Citations
This article has been cited 14 times.- Luethy D, Colmer S, Jodzio D, Bender S, Porter E, Hemmen Z, Fultz L, Craft W, Walker R, Johnson A, Holbrook T. Subarachnoid hemorrhage and axonal degeneration after C1-C2 cervical centesis in 2 horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2023 May-Jun;37(3):1256-1261.
- Quattrini C, Scalco R, Vernau W, Dini P, Aleman M. Effect of time and autologous serum addition on the analysis of cerebrospinal fluid in horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2023 Mar;37(2):713-717.
- Cock G, Blakeney Z, Hernandez JA, DeNotta S. Opioid-free sedation for atlantoaxial cerebrospinal fluid collection in adult horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2022 Sep;36(5):1812-1819.
- Young KAS, Hepworth-Warren KL, Dembek KA. Comparison of Fluid Analysis and Cytologic Findings of Cerebrospinal Fluid Between Three Collection Sites in Adult Equids With Neurological Disease.. Front Vet Sci 2022;9:821815.
- Johnson JP, Vinardell T, David F. Ultrasound-guided injections of the equine head and neck: review and expert opinion.. J Equine Sci 2021 Dec;32(4):103-115.
- Conze TM, Bagó Z, Revilla-Fernández S, Schlegel J, Goehring LS, Matiasek K. Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus (TBEV) Infection in Two Horses.. Viruses 2021 Sep 6;13(9).
- Fouché N, Oesch S, Ziegler U, Gerber V. Clinical Presentation and Laboratory Diagnostic Work-Up of a Horse with Tick-Borne Encephalitis in Switzerland.. Viruses 2021 Jul 28;13(8).
- Chidlow H, Giguère S, Camus M, Wells B, Berghaus R, McConachie Beasley E. The effect of prior thecal puncture on cerebrospinal fluid analytes in normal adult horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2020 Sep;34(5):2117-2121.
- Hurcombe SD, Morris TB, VanderBroek AR, Habecker P, Wulster K, Hopster K. Cervical Epidural and Subarachnoid Catheter Placement in Standing Adult Horses.. Front Vet Sci 2020;7:232.
- Chidlow H, Giguère S, Camus M, Wells B, Howerth E, Berghaus R, McConachie Beasley E. Comparison of 2 collection methods for cerebrospinal fluid analysis from standing, sedate adult horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2020 Mar;34(2):972-978.
- McElroy A, Rashmir A, Manfredi J, Sledge D, Carr E, Stopa E, Klinge P. Evaluation of the Structure of Myodural Bridges in an Equine Model of Ehlers-Danlos Syndromes.. Sci Rep 2019 Jul 10;9(1):9978.
- Barberini DJ, Aleman M, Aristizabal F, Spriet M, Clark KC, Walker NJ, Galuppo LD, Amorim RM, Woolard KD, Borjesson DL. Safety and tracking of intrathecal allogeneic mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in healthy and diseased horses.. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018 Apr 10;9(1):96.
- Braun U, Attiger J, Brammertz C. Ultrasonographic examination of the spinal cord and collection of cerebrospinal fluid from the atlanto-occipital space in cattle.. BMC Vet Res 2015 Sep 2;11:227.
- Aleman M, Dimock AN, Wisner ER, Prutton JW, Madigan JE. Atlanto-axial approach for cervical myelography in a Thoroughbred horse with complete fusion of the atlanto-occipital bones.. Can Vet J 2014 Nov;55(11):1069-73.
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