Unraveling cryptic epizootiology of equid trypanosomosis in Punjab state of India by parasitological and sero-molecular techniques.
Abstract: To unravel equid trypanosomosis caused by Trypanosoma evansi in Punjab state of India, a cross sectional study was designed by utilizing parasitological and sero-molecular tools with objective to assess the prevalence of T. evansi in association with various risk factors in all agroclimatic zones of Punjab state of India. Parasitological Romanowksy stained thin blood smears (RSTBS) to detect patent infection, molecular techniques polymerase chain reaction I (PCR I; TBR 1/2 primers; targeting minichromosomal satellite DNA of T. evansi), polymerase chain reaction II (PCR II; TR 3/4 primers; targeting variable surface glycoprotein region DNA of T. evansi) & LAMP (Loop mediated isothermal amplification) assay to detect latent infection and serological assays card agglutination test (CATT/T. evansi) & ELISA (Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay) to detect exposure status of trypanosomosis were utilized in the present study. A total 429 equid blood and serum samples from all the five agroclimatic zones of Punjab state tested by these techniques showed a prevalence of 1.39% (CL: 0-15.28) by RSTBS, 6.52% (10.94-45.09) by both TBR 1/2 PCR and LAMP assay, 5.82% (11.57-38.42) by TR 3/4 PCR, 15.15% (36.57-135.42) with CATT/T. evansi and 22.84% (17.77-840.22) with ELISA. Interpretation of various risk factors revealed that the donkey/mules population (RR = 5.46, 95% [CI] = 0.15-15.56) was found to be at higher risk of T. evansi infection predominantly at 'unorganized' farms (RR = 4.06, 95% [CI] = 0.12-4.51). Animal used for commercial purposes (RR = 3.25, 95% [CI] = 0.06-7.42), rearing of equids with other domestic animals (RR = 2.36, 95% [CI] = 0.10-17.11) and farms without application of fly repellant/insecticides/net (RR = 3.68, 95% [CI] = 0.08-5.94) made them more prone to the disease. This comprehensive report utilizing the classical, serological and molecular diagnostic tools for epidemiology of T. evansi establishes the endemic stability of this infection in all agro climatic zones of Punjab with LAMP assay to be a promisingly sensitive and specific technique for the diagnosis of T. evansi under isothermal conditions in field situations.
Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Publication Date: 2018-04-23 PubMed ID: 29698659DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.04.018Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
- Diagnosis
- Diagnostic Technique
- Disease control
- Disease Diagnosis
- Disease Etiology
- Disease Management
- Disease Outbreaks
- Disease Prevalence
- Disease Surveillance
- Disease Transmission
- Disease Treatment
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
- Epidemiology
- Equids
- Equine Diseases
- Equine Health
- Infection
- Infectious Disease
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Serology
- Veterinary Medicine
Summary
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The study investigates the prevalence of a disease caused by a parasite called Trypanosoma evansi among equids in Punjab, India. It uses several methods to detect and analyse the infection, including blood smears, sero-molecular techniques, PCR techniques, and assessment of risk factors.
Research Methodology
- The study was cross-sectional and was conducted in the Punjab region of India. The disease it focused on was trypanosomosis, an infection caused by a parasite, specifically Trypanosoma evansi, which affects Equidae family members such as horses, donkeys, and mules.
- The researchers used several methods to detect and analyse presence of this parasite. These included parasitological Romanowksy stained thin blood smears (RSTBS) which helped detect patent infection, PCR techniques like PCR I and PCR II which targeted different regions of the parasite’s DNA, and sero-molecular techniques like card agglutination test (CATT/T. evansi) and Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect exposure to the infection.
- The researchers also utilised a method known as Loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) which was used to detect latent infection. All these techniques were applied on 429 equid blood and serum samples collected from five agroclimatic zones in Punjab.
Research Findings
- The results revealed varying levels of prevalence as detected by different techniques. RSTBS showed a prevalence of 1.39%, both TBR 1/2 PCR and LAMP assay showed 6.52%, TR 3/4 PCR showed 5.82%, CATT/T. evansi showed 15.15% and ELISA showed the highest prevalence rate at 22.84%.
- Donkeys/mules and unorganized farms were found to be at higher risk of contraction, along with commercially used animals, farms without fly repellent/insecticides/net, and farms where equids were reared alongside other domestic animals.
- The study concluded that Punjab is an endemic region for T. evansi infection and that LAMP assay is a highly sensitive and specific technique for diagnosis of T. evansi in field conditions.
Cite This Article
APA
Parashar R, Singla LD, Batra K, Kumar R, Kashyap N, Kaur P, Bal MS.
(2018).
Unraveling cryptic epizootiology of equid trypanosomosis in Punjab state of India by parasitological and sero-molecular techniques.
Acta Trop, 185, 18-26.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.04.018 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary & Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India. Electronic address: dr.rahul3104@gmail.com.
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary & Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India. Electronic address: ldsingla@gadvasu.in.
- National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar, 125001, Haryana, India.
- National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar, 125001, Haryana, India.
- Department of Animal Genetics & Breeding, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary & Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India.
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary & Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India.
- Animal Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary & Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India.
MeSH Terms
- Agglutination Tests / veterinary
- Animals
- Animals, Domestic / parasitology
- Cross-Sectional Studies
- DNA Primers / isolation & purification
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / methods
- Equidae / parasitology
- India / epidemiology
- Polymerase Chain Reaction / methods
- Prevalence
- Risk Factors
- Seroepidemiologic Studies
- Serologic Tests / veterinary
- Trypanosoma / genetics
- Trypanosoma / isolation & purification
- Trypanosomiasis / epidemiology
- Trypanosomiasis / parasitology
Citations
This article has been cited 2 times.- Sharma D, Gupta S, Sethi K, Kumar S, Kumar R. Seroprevalence and immunological characterization of Trypanosoma evansi infection in livestock of four agro-climatic zones of Himachal Pradesh, India. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022 Jan 15;54(1):60.
- Raftery AG, Gummery L, Garcia K, Mohite D, Capewell P, Sutton DGM. Equine trypanosomiasis, a systematic review and meta-analyses: Prevalence, morbidity and mortality. Equine Vet J 2026 Mar;58(2):291-319.
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