FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Animals (Basel) / Unravelling the Effectiveness of Anthelmintic Treatments on ...
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2024; 14(13); doi: 10.3390/ani14131958

Unravelling the Effectiveness of Anthelmintic Treatments on Equine Strongyles on Irish Farms.

Abstract: Over the preceding decades, the widespread dependence on anthelmintic drugs for managing nematodes in grazing equids has given rise to resistance against commonly used anthelmintics in various countries. This study explores the prevalence of anthelmintic resistance across 44 horse farms in Ireland. Anthelmintic efficacy was evaluated through fecal egg count reduction (FECR) tests employing the mini-FLOTAC technique. Resistance to benzimidazoles was identified in 12 out of 14 farms (FECR range: 0.00% to 86.2%). Ivermectin resistance was observed on two farms, one with an FECR of 80.70% and another with an FECR of 96.10% (lower 95% high probability density interval (HPD) <90%, 11.70%). On the remaining six farms, the reduction with ivermectin still exceeded 95%. The reduced efficacy of moxidectin was noted on two farms (FECR = 86.90% and 93.50%) and on a third farm with an FECR of 99.50 and a lower HPD interval < 90% at 24.00%. In summary, these findings emphasize the urgent need for alternative strategies in equine strongyle control that reduce reliance on anthelmintics and prioritize effective management practices on Irish equine farms to hinder the impending development of drug-resistant parasite populations.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2024-07-02 PubMed ID: 38998069PubMed Central: PMC11240484DOI: 10.3390/ani14131958Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research article investigates the growing resistance to anthelmintic drugs among nematodes in horse farms across Ireland, identifying prevalence and suggesting the need for alternative control strategies.

Overview of the Research Paper

  • The main purpose of this study was to discern resistance to anthelmintic medications among equine nematodes across 44 horse farms in Ireland, reflecting on the communities’ substantial reliance on these drugs for parasite management in grazing horses.
  • The researchers used fecal egg count reduction (FECR) tests via the mini-FLOTAC technique to evaluate the efficacy of anthelmintics, which gives an estimate of the number of parasite eggs in the horses’ feces before and after treatment.

Findings and Implications

  • Resistance to benzimidazoles, a class of anthelmintics, was found on 12 out of 14 farms, with the FECR rates ranging from 0.00% to 86.2%. This indicates that the use of benzimidazoles was less effective in reducing the parasite egg count in the feces on these farms.
  • Resistance to ivermectin, another type of anthelmintic, was noted on two farms. These farms had FECR rates of 80.70% and 96.10% respectively meaning that the application of ivermectin was only partially successful in reducing the parasite egg count.
  • The last type of anthelmintic tested, moxidectin, displayed decreased efficacy on two farms (FECR=86.90% and 93.50%). This illustrates a potential early sign of developing resistance against this type of anthelmintic.
  • These findings highlight the growing issue of anthelmintic resistance and underline the urgent need for alternative strategies in controlling equine strongyles that won’t further exacerbate this problem.
  • More broadly, the development of drug-resistant parasites poses challenges not only to individual farms but also to public health, as these parasites can make the leap to humans and be difficult to manage.

Conclusion and Future Research

  • In conclusion, the study demonstrates the pressing need for management strategies on Irish equine farms that reduce dependence on anthelmintics and avert the impending development of drug-resistant parasite populations.
  • Further research is warranted to elaborate on the genetics of anthelmintic resistance, and the viability of alternative methods for the control of strongyles must be assessed to ensure sustainable equine health care practices in the future.

Cite This Article

APA
Elghryani N, Lawlor A, McOwan T, de Waal T. (2024). Unravelling the Effectiveness of Anthelmintic Treatments on Equine Strongyles on Irish Farms. Animals (Basel), 14(13). https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14131958

Publication

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 14
Issue: 13

Researcher Affiliations

Elghryani, Nagwa
  • School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, D04 W6F6 Dublin, Ireland.
  • Telenostic Limited, R95 WN20 Kilkenny, Ireland.
  • Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences-Gamines, University of Benghazi, Benghazi 1308, Libya.
Lawlor, Amanda
  • School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, D04 W6F6 Dublin, Ireland.
McOwan, Trish
  • Telenostic Limited, R95 WN20 Kilkenny, Ireland.
de Waal, Theo
  • School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, D04 W6F6 Dublin, Ireland.

Conflict of Interest Statement

Authors Nagwa Elghryani and Trish McOwan were employed by the company Telenostic Limited. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

References

This article includes 64 references
  1. Herd R.P.. Epidemiology and control of equine strongylosis at Newmarket.. Equine Vet. J. 1986;18:447–452.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1986.tb03684.xpubmed: 3803357google scholar: lookup
  2. Little D., Flowers J.R., Hammerberg B.H., Gardner S.Y.. Management of drug-resistant cyathostominosis on a breeding farm in central North Carolina.. Equine Vet. J. 2003;35:246–251.
    doi: 10.2746/042516403776148264pubmed: 12755426google scholar: lookup
  3. Bellaw J.L., Nielsen M.K.. Meta-analysis of cyathostomin species-specific prevalence and relative abundance in domestic horses from 1975–2020: Emphasis on geographical region and specimen collection method.. Parasites Vectors 2020;13:509.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-020-04396-5pmc: PMC7552500pubmed: 33046130google scholar: lookup
  4. Saeed M.A., Beveridge I., Abbas G., Beasley A., Bauquier J., Wilkes E., Jacobson C., Hughes K.J., El-Hage C., O’Handley R.. Systematic review of gastrointestinal nematodes of horses from Australia.. Parasites Vectors 2019;12:188.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-019-3445-4pmc: PMC6489199pubmed: 31036059google scholar: lookup
  5. Peregrine A.S., Molento M.B., Kaplan R.M., Nielsen M.K.. Anthelmintic resistance in important parasites of horses: Does it really matter?. Vet. Parasitol. 2014;201:1–8.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.01.004pubmed: 24485565google scholar: lookup
  6. Love S., Mckeand J.B.. Cyathostomosis: Practical issues of treatment and control.. Equine Vet. Educ. 1997;9:253–256.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.1997.tb01319.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  7. Drudge J.H., Lyons E.T.. Control of internal parasites of the horse.. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1966;148:378–383.
    pubmed: 5950040
  8. Traversa D., von Samson-Himmelstjerna G., Demeler J., Milillo P., Schürmann S., Barnes H., Otranto D., Perrucci S., di Regalbono A.F., Beraldo P.. Anthelmintic resistance in cyathostomin populations from horse yards in Italy, United Kingdom and Germany.. Parasites Vectors 2009;2((Suppl. 2)):S2.
    doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-2-S2-S2pmc: PMC2751838pubmed: 19778463google scholar: lookup
  9. Nielsen M.K.. Anthelmintic resistance in equine nematodes: Current status and emerging trends.. Int. J. Parasitol. Drugs Drug Resist. 2022;20:76–88.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2022.10.005pmc: PMC9630620pubmed: 36342004google scholar: lookup
  10. Dauparaitė E., Kupčinskas T., Varady M., Petkevičius S.. Anthelmintic resistance of horse strongyle nematodes to fenbendazole in Lithuania.. Acta Vet. Scand. 2022;64:26.
    doi: 10.1186/s13028-022-00645-ypmc: PMC9479362pubmed: 36109767google scholar: lookup
  11. Dauparaitė E., Kupčinskas T., von Samson-Himmelstjerna G., Petkevičius S.. Anthelmintic resistance of horse strongyle nematodes to ivermectin and pyrantel in Lithuania.. Acta Vet. Scand. 2021;63:5.
    doi: 10.1186/s13028-021-00569-zpmc: PMC7836172pubmed: 33494770google scholar: lookup
  12. Molento M.B., Nielsen M.K., Kaplan R.M.. Resistance to avermectin/milbemycin anthelmintics in equine cyathostomins—Current situation.. Vet. Parasitol. 2012;185:16–24.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.10.013pubmed: 22047763google scholar: lookup
  13. Elghryani N., Duggan V., Relf V., de Waal T.. Questionnaire survey on helminth control practices in horse farms in Ireland.. Parasitology 2019;146:873–882.
    doi: 10.1017/S0031182019000271pubmed: 30975241google scholar: lookup
  14. Relf V.E., Morgan E.R., Hodgkinson J.E., Matthews J.B.. A questionnaire study on parasite control practices on UK breeding Thoroughbred studs.. Equine Vet. J. 2012;44:466–471.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00493.xpubmed: 22050130google scholar: lookup
  15. Stratford C.H., Lester H.E., Morgan E.R., Pickles K.J., Relf V., McGorum B.C., Matthews J.B.. A questionnaire study of equine gastrointestinal parasite control in Scotland.. Equine Vet. J. 2014;46:25–31.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12101pubmed: 23879737google scholar: lookup
  16. Scala A., Tamponi C., Sanna G., Predieri G., Dessì G., Sedda G., Buono F., Cappai M.G., Veneziano V., Varcasia A.. Gastrointestinal strongyles egg excretion in relation to age, gender, and management of horses in Italy.. Animals 2020;10:2283.
    doi: 10.3390/ani10122283pmc: PMC7761647pubmed: 33287298google scholar: lookup
  17. Relf V.E., Lester H.E., Morgan E.R., Hodgkinson J.E., Matthews J.B.. Anthelmintic efficacy on UK Thoroughbred stud farms.. Int. J. Parasitol. 2014;44:507–514.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.03.006pubmed: 24746779google scholar: lookup
  18. Mair T.S., Opie R., Moreton-Clack M., Parkin T.D., Matthews J.B.. Strongyle egg reappearance periods following moxidectin treatment in horses in Southeast England.. Equine Vet. Educ. 2023.
    doi: 10.1111/eve.13848google scholar: lookup
  19. Nielsen M.K., Steuer A.E., Anderson H.P., Gavriliuc S., Carpenter A.B., Redman E.M., Gilleard J.S., Reinemeyer C.R., Poissant J.. Shortened egg reappearance periods of equine cyathostomins following ivermectin or moxidectin treatment: Morphological and molecular investigation of efficacy and species composition.. Int. J. Parasitol. 2022;52:787–798.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2022.09.003pubmed: 36244428google scholar: lookup
  20. Macdonald S.L., Abbas G., Ghafar A., Gauci C.G., Bauquier J., El-Hage C., Tennent-Brown B., Wilkes E.J.A., Beasley A., Jacobson C.. Egg reappearance periods of anthelmintics against equine cyathostomins: The state of play revisited.. Int. J. Parasitol. Drugs Drug Resist. 2023;21:28–39.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2022.12.002pmc: PMC10105024pubmed: 36543048google scholar: lookup
  21. Flores A.G., Osmari V., Ramos F., Marques C.B., Ramos D.J., Botton S.d.A., Vogel F.S.F., Sangioni L.A.. Multiple resistance in equine cyathostomins: A case study from military establishments in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.. Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet. 2020;29:e003820.
    doi: 10.1590/s1984-29612020086pubmed: 33027421google scholar: lookup
  22. Elghryani N., McOwan T., Mincher C., Duggan V., de Waal T.. Estimating the Prevalence and Factors Affecting the Shedding of Helminth Eggs in Irish Equine Populations.. Animals 2023;13:581.
    doi: 10.3390/ani13040581pmc: PMC9951768pubmed: 36830368google scholar: lookup
  23. Joó K., Trúzsi R.L., Kálmán C.Z., Ács V., Jakab S., Bába A., Nielsen M.K.. Evaluation of risk factors affecting strongylid egg shedding on Hungarian horse farms.. Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Stud. Rep. 2022;27:100663.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100663pubmed: 35012724google scholar: lookup
  24. Relf V.E., Morgan E.R., Hodgkinson J.E., Matthews J.B.. Helminth egg excretion with regard to age, gender and management practices on UK Thoroughbred studs.. Parasitology 2013;140:641–652.
    doi: 10.1017/S0031182012001941pubmed: 23351718google scholar: lookup
  25. Neves R.B., Leme D.P., Bessa F.J., Barros G.P.D., Bricarello P.A.. Pre-established anthelmintic protocols in horses: Low efficacy and unnecessary treatments highlight the need for strategic deworming.. Anim. Prod. Sci. 2023;63:1226–1235.
    doi: 10.1071/AN22223google scholar: lookup
  26. Nielsen M.K., Banahan M., Kaplan R.M.. Importation of macrocyclic lactone resistant cyathostomins on a US thoroughbred farm.. Int. J. Parasitol. Drugs Drug Resist. 2020;14:99–104.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2020.09.004pmc: PMC7548974pubmed: 33022574google scholar: lookup
  27. Coles G.C., Bauer C., Borgsteede F.H.M., Geerts S., Klei T.R., Taylor M.A., Waller P.J.. World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) methods for the detection of anthelmintic resistance in nematodes of veterinary importance.. Vet. Parasitol. 1992;44:35–44.
    doi: 10.1016/0304-4017(92)90141-Upubmed: 1441190google scholar: lookup
  28. Nielsen M.K., von Samson-Himmelstjerna G., Kuzmina T.A., van Doorn D.C.K., Meana A., Rehbein S., Elliott T., Reinemeyer C.R.. World association for the advancement of veterinary parasitology (WAAVP): Third edition of guideline for evaluating the efficacy of equine anthelmintics.. Vet. Parasitol. 2022;303:109676.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109676pubmed: 35164972google scholar: lookup
  29. Kaplan R.M., Denwood M.J., Nielsen M.K., Thamsborg S.M., Torgerson P.R., Gilleard J.S., Dobson R.J., Vercruysse J., Levecke B.. World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) guideline for diagnosing anthelmintic resistance using the faecal egg count reduction test in ruminants, horses and swine.. Vet. Parasitol. 2023;318:109936.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.109936pubmed: 37121092google scholar: lookup
  30. Wang C., Torgerson P.R., Höglund J., Furrer R.. Zero-inflated hierarchical models for faecal egg counts to assess anthelmintic efficacy.. Vet. Parasitol. 2017;235:20–28.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.12.007pubmed: 28215863google scholar: lookup
  31. Wang C., Torgerson P.R., Kaplan R.M., George M.M., Furrer R.. Modelling anthelmintic resistance by extending eggCounts package to allow individual efficacy.. Int. J. Parasitol. Drugs Drug Resist. 2018;8:386–393.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2018.07.003pmc: PMC6091319pubmed: 30103206google scholar: lookup
  32. Lyons E.T., Tolliver S.C.. Further indication of lowered activity of ivermectin on immature small strongyles in the intestinal lumen of horses on a farm in Central Kentucky.. Parasitol. Res. 2013;112:889–891.
    doi: 10.1007/s00436-012-3098-0pubmed: 22948206google scholar: lookup
  33. Lyons E.T., Tolliver S.C., Collins S.S.. Probable reason why small strongyle EPG counts are returning “early” after ivermectin treatment of horses on a farm in Central Kentucky.. Parasitol. Res. 2009;104:569–574.
    doi: 10.1007/s00436-008-1231-xpubmed: 18931857google scholar: lookup
  34. Lyons E.T., Tolliver S.C., Kuzmina T.A., Collins S.S.. Critical tests evaluating efficacy of moxidectin against small strongyles in horses from a herd for which reduced activity had been found in field tests in Central Kentucky.. Parasitol. Res. 2010;107:1495–1498.
    doi: 10.1007/s00436-010-2025-5pubmed: 20714749google scholar: lookup
  35. Lyons E.T., Tolliver S.C., Collins S.S., Ionita M., Kuzmina T.A., Rossano M.. Field tests demonstrating reduced activity of ivermectin and moxidectin against small strongyles in horses on 14 farms in Central Kentucky in 2007–2009.. Parasitol. Res. 2011;108:355–360.
    doi: 10.1007/s00436-010-2068-7pubmed: 20862493google scholar: lookup
  36. Bellaw J.L., Krebs K., Reinemeyer C.R., Norris J.K., Scare J.A., Pagano S., Nielsen M.K.. Anthelmintic therapy of equine cyathostomin nematodes—Larvicidal efficacy, egg reappearance period, and drug resistance.. Int. J. Parasitol. 2018;48:97–105.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.08.009pubmed: 29050919google scholar: lookup
  37. Cringoli G., Rinaldi L., Albonico M., Bergquist R., Utzinger J.. Geospatial (s)tools: Integration of advanced epidemiological sampling and novel diagnostics.. Geospat. Health 2013;7:399–404.
    doi: 10.4081/gh.2013.97pubmed: 23733301google scholar: lookup
  38. Nielsen M., Mittel L., Grice A., Erskine M., Graves E., Vaala W., Tully R., Dennis F., Bowman R., Kaplan R.. AAEP Parasite Control Guidelines.. American Association of Equine Practioners 2019.
  39. Kaplan R.M., Klei T.R., Lyons E.T., Lester G., Courtney C.H., French D.D., Tolliver S.C., Vidyashankar A.N., Zhao Y.. Prevalence of anthelmintic resistant cyathostomes on horse farms.. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2004;225:903–910.
    doi: 10.2460/javma.2004.225.903pubmed: 15485051google scholar: lookup
  40. Lind E.O., Rautalinko E., Uggla A., Waller P.J., Morrison D.A., Höglund J.. Parasite control practices on Swedish horse farms.. Acta Vet. Scand. 2007;49:25.
    doi: 10.1186/1751-0147-49-25pmc: PMC2093939pubmed: 17897438google scholar: lookup
  41. Traversa D., Klei T.R., Iorio R., Paoletti B., Lia R.P., Otranto D., Sparagano O.A.E., Giangaspero A.. Occurrence of anthelmintic resistant equine cyathostome populations in central and southern Italy.. Prev. Vet. Med. 2007;82:314–320.
    doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2007.07.006pubmed: 17719664google scholar: lookup
  42. Nielsen M.K., Branan M.A., Wiedenheft A.M., Digianantonio R., Scare J.A., Bellaw J.L., Garber L.P., Kopral C.A., Phillippi-Taylor A.M., Traub-Dargatz J.L.. Anthelmintic efficacy against equine strongyles in the United States.. Vet. Parasitol. 2018;259:53–60.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.07.003pubmed: 30056984google scholar: lookup
  43. Smith M.A., Nolan T.J., Rieger R., Aceto H., Levine D.G., Nolen-Walston R., Smith B.I.. Efficacy of major anthelmintics for reduction of fecal shedding of strongyle-type eggs in horses in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States.. Vet. Parasitol. 2015;214:139–143.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.09.025pubmed: 26518644google scholar: lookup
  44. Boulkaboul A., Bouakkaz A., Kerboeuf D.. Detection of resistance to benzimidazoles in horse strongyles, in Algeria.. Rev. Med. Vet. 2006;157:59–64.
  45. Comer K.C., Hillyer M.H., Coles G.C.. Anthelmintic use and resistance on thoroughbred training yards in the UK.. Vet. Rec. 2006;158:596–598.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.158.17.596pubmed: 16648441google scholar: lookup
  46. Canever R.J., Braga P.R.C., Boeckh A., Grycajuck M., Bier D., Molento M.B.. Lack of Cyathostomin sp. reduction after anthelmintic treatment in horses in Brazil.. Vet. Parasitol. 2013;194:35–39.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.12.020pubmed: 23318166google scholar: lookup
  47. Von Samson-Himmelstjerna G., Fritzen B., Demeler J., Schurmann S., Rohn K., Schnieder T., Epe C.. Cases of reduced cyathostomin egg-reappearance period and failure of Parascaris equorum egg count reduction following ivermectin treatment as well as survey on pyrantel efficacy on German horse farms.. Vet. Parasitol. 2007;144:74–80.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.09.036pubmed: 17112667google scholar: lookup
  48. Molento M.B., Antunes J., Bentes R.N., Coles G.C.. Anthelmintic resistant nematodes in Brazilian horses.. Vet. Rec. 2008;162:384–385.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.162.12.384pubmed: 18359933google scholar: lookup
  49. Rossano M.G., Smith A.R., Lyons E.T.. Shortened strongyle-type egg reappearance periods in naturally infected horses treated with moxidectin and failure of a larvicidal dose of fenbendazole to reduce fecal egg counts.. Vet. Parasitol. 2010;173:349–352.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.07.001pubmed: 20675055google scholar: lookup
  50. Lyons E.T., Tolliver S.C., Collins S.S.. Reduced activity of moxidectin and ivermectin on small strongyles in young horses on a farm (BC) in Central Kentucky in two field tests with notes on variable counts of eggs per gram of feces (EPGs). Parasitol. Res. 2011;108:1315–1319.
    doi: 10.1007/s00436-010-2225-zpubmed: 21212983google scholar: lookup
  51. Lyons E.T., Bellaw J.L., Dorton A.R., Tolliver S.C.. Efficacy of moxidectin and an ivermectin-praziquantel combination against ascarids, strongyles, and tapeworms in Thoroughbred yearlings in field tests on a farm in Central Kentucky in 2016.. Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Stud. Rep. 2017;8:123–126.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2017.03.006pubmed: 31014628google scholar: lookup
  52. Abbas G., Ghafar A., Hurley J., Bauquier J., Beasley A., Wilkes E.J.A., Jacobson C., El-Hage C., Cudmore L., Carrigan P.. Cyathostomin resistance to moxidectin and combinations of anthelmintics in Australian horses.. Parasites Vectors 2021;14:597.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-021-05103-8pmc: PMC8645149pubmed: 34863271google scholar: lookup
  53. Merlin A., Larcher N., Vallé-Casuso J.-C.. The first report of triple anthelmintic resistance on a French Thoroughbred stud farm.. Int. J. Parasitol. Drugs Drug Resist. 2024;24:100528.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2024.100528pmc: PMC10910056pubmed: 38422764google scholar: lookup
  54. Traversa D., Castagna G., von Samson-Himmelstjerna G., Meloni S., Bartolini R., Geurden T., Pearce M.C., Woringer E., Besognet B., Milillo P.. Efficacy of major anthelmintics against horse cyathostomins in France.. Vet. Parasitol. 2012;188:294–300.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.03.048pubmed: 22538094google scholar: lookup
  55. Stratford C.H., Lester H.E., Pickles K.J., McGorum B.C., Matthews J.B.. An investigation of anthelmintic efficacy against strongyles on equine yards in Scotland.. Equine Vet. J. 2014;46:17–24.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12079pubmed: 23662803google scholar: lookup
  56. Bull K.E., Allen K.J., Hodgkinson J.E., Peachey L.E.. The first report of macrocyclic lactone resistant cyathostomins in the UK.. Int. J. Parasitol. Drugs Drug Resist. 2023;21:125–130.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2023.03.001pmc: PMC10036890pubmed: 36940551google scholar: lookup
  57. Trawford A., Burden F., Hodgkinson J.. Suspected moxidectin resistance in cyathostomes in two donkey herds at the Donkey Sanctuary, UK; Proceedings of the 20th International Conference of the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology; Christchurch, New Zealand.. 15 October 2005; p. 196.
  58. Geurden T., van Doorn D., Claerebout E., Kooyman F., De Keersmaecker S., Vercruysse J., Besognet B., Vanimisetti B., di Regalbono A.F., Beraldo P.. Decreased strongyle egg re-appearance period after treatment with ivermectin and moxidectin in horses in Belgium, Italy and The Netherlands.. Vet. Parasitol. 2014;204:291–296.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.04.013pubmed: 24880643google scholar: lookup
  59. Van Doorn D.C.K., Eysker M., Geurden T., Ploeger H.W., Kooyman F.N.J., Wagenaar J.. Cylicocyclus species predominate during shortened egg reappearance period in horses after treatment with ivermectin and moxidectin.. Vet. Parasitol. 2014;206:246–252.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.10.004pubmed: 25458565google scholar: lookup
  60. Byrne O., Gangotia D., Crowley J., Zintl A., Kiser L., Boxall O., McSweeney D., O’Neill F., Dunne S., Lamb B.R.. Molecular species determination of cyathostomins from horses in Ireland.. Vet. Parasitol. 2024;328:110168.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110168pubmed: 38547830google scholar: lookup
  61. Kinsella J.L.. Species Composition, Distribution, and Abundance, with Monthly Variations of Cyathostominea within the Equid in Ireland, 1999/2000, and a Preliminary Analysis of Proteolytic Activity of Excretory Secretory Products from Cyathostominea.. University College Dublin; Dublin, Ireland: 2002.
    pubmed: 12072215
  62. Elghryani N.. The Prevalence and Anthelmintic Sensitivity of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Horses in Ireland.. University College Dublin; Dublin, Ireland: 2018.
  63. O’Meara B., Mulcahy G.. A survey of helminth control practices in equine establishments in Ireland.. Vet. Parasitol. 2002;109:101–110.
    doi: 10.1016/S0304-4017(02)00249-2pubmed: 12383629google scholar: lookup
  64. Walshe N., Burrell A., Kenny U., Mulcahy G., Duggan V., Regan A.. A qualitative study of perceived barriers and facilitators to sustainable parasite control on thoroughbred studs in Ireland.. Vet. Parasitol. 2023;317:109904.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.109904pubmed: 36907136google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,344 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.