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Viruses2022; 14(12); 2706; doi: 10.3390/v14122706

Vaccination against Borna Disease: Overview, Vaccine Virus Characterization and Investigation of Live and Inactivated Vaccines.

Abstract: (1) Background: Vaccination of horses and sheep against Borna disease (BD) was common in endemic areas of Germany in the 20th century but was abandoned in the early 1990s. The recent occurrence of fatal cases of human encephalitis due to Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) has rekindled the interest in vaccination. (2) Methods: The full genomes of the BD live vaccine viruses "Dessau" and "Giessen" were sequenced and analyzed for the first time. All vaccination experiments followed a proof-of-concept approach. Dose-titration infection experiments were performed in rabbits, based on both cell culture- and brain-derived viruses at various doses. Inactivated vaccines against BD were produced from concentrated cell culture supernatants and investigated in rabbits and horses. The BoDV-1 live vaccine "Dessau" was administered to horses and antibody profiles were determined. (3) Results: The BD live vaccine viruses "Dessau" and "Giessen" belong to clusters 3 and 4 of BoDV-1. Whereas the "Giessen" virus does not differ substantially from field viruses, the "Dessau" virus shows striking differences in the M gene and the N-terminal part of the G gene. Rabbits infected with high doses of cell-cultured virus developed neutralizing antibodies and were protected from disease, whereas rabbits infected with low doses of cell-cultured virus, or with brain-derived virus did not. Inactivated vaccines were administered to rabbits and horses, following pre-defined vaccination schemes consisting of three vaccine doses of either adjuvanted or nonadjuvanted inactivated virus. Their immunogenicity and protective efficacy were compared to the BD live vaccine "Dessau". Seventy per cent of horses vaccinated with the BD live vaccine "Dessau" developed neutralizing antibodies after vaccination. (4) Conclusion: Despite a complex evasion of immunological responses by bornaviruses, some vaccination approaches can protect against clinical disease. For optimal effectiveness, vaccines should be administered at high doses, following vaccination schemes consisting of three vaccine doses as basic immunization. Further investigations are necessary in order to investigate and improve protection against infection and to avoid side effects.
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Publication Date: 2022-12-02 PubMed ID: 36560710PubMed Central: PMC9788498DOI: 10.3390/v14122706Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research studied vaccination methods against Borna disease (BD), a viral infection found in mammals such as horses and sheep, which has shown recent fatal cases in humans. The study tested live and inactivated vaccines in horses and rabbits to investigate their protective efficacy.

Research Methods

  • The research employed full genome sequencing and analysis of BD live vaccine viruses, specifically isolates “Dessau” and “Giessen”.
  • Vaccination experiments were performed using a proof of concept approach, with a dose titration infection experiment in rabbits using various doses of both cell culture and brain-derived viruses.
  • Horses and rabbits were also given inactivated vaccines produced from concentrated cell culture supernatants, following pre-defined vaccination schemes involving three doses of either adjuvanted or non-adjuvanted inactivated virus.
  • The live vaccine “Dessau” was also administered to horses to observe the antibody profile developed and compare the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the different vaccination methods.

Research Findings

  • The live vaccine viruses “Dessau” and “Giessen” were found to belong to clusters 3 and 4 of BD virus 1 (BoDV-1). While the “Giessen” virus showed characteristics similar to field viruses, the “Dessau” virus exhibited pronounced differences in the M gene and the N-terminal part of the G gene.
  • Rabbits given high doses of cell-cultured virus produced neutralizing antibodies and were protected from disease, whereas rabbits given low doses or those infected with brain-derived virus were not protected.
  • 70% of horses vaccinated with the “Dessau” live vaccine developed neutralizing antibodies after vaccination, indicating immunity.
  • The inactivated vaccines, both adjuvanted and non-adjuvanted, were found to be immunogenic (able to stimulate an immune response) and offer protection against the disease.

Conclusion

The study concluded that some vaccination approaches offer protection against clinical disease caused by bornaviruses. It was suggested that for maximum effectiveness, vaccines should be administered at high doses under schemes involving three initial doses. However, further research is needed to investigate and improve protection against infection and minimize potential side effects.

Cite This Article

APA
Dürrwald R, Kolodziejek J, Oh DY, Herzog S, Liebermann H, Osterrieder N, Nowotny N. (2022). Vaccination against Borna Disease: Overview, Vaccine Virus Characterization and Investigation of Live and Inactivated Vaccines. Viruses, 14(12), 2706. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14122706

Publication

Viruses
ISSN: 1999-4915
NlmUniqueID: 101509722
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 14
Issue: 12
PII: 2706

Researcher Affiliations

Dürrwald, Ralf
  • Unit 17: Influenza and Other Viruses of the Respiratory Tract, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Seestraße 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
Kolodziejek, Jolanta
  • Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
Oh, Djin-Ye
  • Unit 17: Influenza and Other Viruses of the Respiratory Tract, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Seestraße 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
Herzog, Sibylle
  • Institute of Virology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
Liebermann, Heinrich
  • retd., former Institute of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Osterrieder, Nikolaus
  • Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
Nowotny, Norbert
  • Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
  • Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Humans
  • Rabbits
  • Horses
  • Sheep
  • Vaccines, Inactivated
  • Borna Disease
  • Antibodies, Neutralizing
  • Vaccination / veterinary
  • Encephalitis
  • Antibodies, Viral

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. R.D. was employed at Impfstoffwerk Dessau Tornau GmbH from 1997–2016.

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Citations

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