FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Equine Vet J / Variation in insulin response to oral sugar test in a cohort...
Equine veterinary journal2021; 54(5); 905-913; doi: 10.1111/evj.13529

Variation in insulin response to oral sugar test in a cohort of horses throughout the year and evaluation of risk factors for insulin dysregulation.

Abstract: The oral sugar test (OST) is commonly used to diagnose insulin dysregulation (ID) and equine metabolic syndrome; however, possible seasonal changes in OST results have not been evaluated. Objective: To determine the possible variation in insulin response to OST throughout the year and risk factors associated with maximum insulin concentration (InsMax) and ID. Methods: Prospective, longitudinal cohort study. Methods: The OST was performed on 29 Finnhorses every other month six times. Serum total adiponectin concentration and phenotypic variables related to obesity were also measured. Changes in InsMax, adiponectin, scale weight, body condition score, cresty neck score (CNS), and fasting glucose concentration were assessed. Risk factor analyses were performed on InsMax and ID status, and ID groups were compared with each other. Results: Fourteen horses were categorised with non-ID each time and 15 as having ID at least once during the follow-up period. The ID status of 12 horses varied throughout the year, but neither the insulin variables measured during the OST nor adiponectin expressed significant seasonal variation. Increasing age and CNS, and decreasing adiponectin were observed as risk factors for a high InsMax after OST. The risk of ID was higher in horses with no exercise compared to horses with exercise (OR 7.6, 95% CI 1.2-49.3, P = .03). Horses with ID had lower serum adiponectin concentrations, longer neck circumference and larger height than horses in the non-ID group. Conclusions: The environmental conditions (feeding, exercise) were not constant for all horses throughout the study and only one breed was used. Conclusions: Neither OST results nor adiponectin varies with season; however, there were a substantial number of horses with variable ID status throughout the year, in which repeated OSTs may be beneficial. Lack of exercise was a risk factor for ID.
© 2021 The Authors. Equine Veterinary Journal published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of EVJ Ltd.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2021-11-08 PubMed ID: 34713928PubMed Central: PMC9545906DOI: 10.1111/evj.13529Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research paper focuses on the exploration of insulin response variations in the Oral Sugar Test (OST) carried out in 29 horses over a period of time and identifies possible risk factors associated to insulin dysregulation and maximum insulin concentration. It unveils key insights such as a lack of exercise posing a risk factor for insulin dysregulation.

Methods

The research study followed a prospective, longitudinal cohort model in which the OST was carried out on 29 Finnhorses periodically – every other month over the span of a year. The researchers also recorded serum total adiponectin concentration along with other obesity-related phenotypic variables.

  • Changes in maximum insulin concentration (InsMax), adiponectin, scale weight, body condition score, cresty neck score (CNS), and fasting glucose concentration were assessed and recorded systematically.
  • Risk factors for InsMax and Insulin Dysregulation (ID) status were analyzed and groups with and without ID were compared against each other.

Results

The OST results were carefully evaluated in the course of the study.

  • Throughout the study period, 14 horses were consistently categorized as non-ID, while 15 experienced ID at least once.
  • The ID status of 12 horses varied throughout the year, testament to changing insulin response over different periods.
  • The research noted no significant seasonal variation in neither the insulin variables measured during the OST nor the levels of adiponectin in horses.
  • The study sheds light on factors such as increasing age and CNS, and decreasing adiponectin that contribute to high InsMax post OST.
  • The study revealed that lack of exercise posed a higher risk of ID in horses when compared to horses with exercise.
  • Horses with ID were found to have comparatively lower serum adiponectin concentrations, longer neck circumference, and larger height than horses in the non-ID group.

Conclusion

While the study acknowledges inadequacies such as variability in environmental conditions (feeding, exercise) and the exclusive use of one horse breed, it makes significant conclusions.

  • The study concludes that the results of OST and adiponectin levels do not display seasonal variations.
  • The researchers also note that several horses exhibited variable ID status throughout the year, thereby suggesting the potential necessity for repeated OSTs.
  • Among the risk factors for insulin dysregulation, a lack of regular physical exercise was identified, providing clear direction for preventive care and attention.

Cite This Article

APA
Karikoski NP, Box JR, Mykkänen AK, Kotiranta VV, Raekallio MR. (2021). Variation in insulin response to oral sugar test in a cohort of horses throughout the year and evaluation of risk factors for insulin dysregulation. Equine Vet J, 54(5), 905-913. https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.13529

Publication

Equine veterinary journal
ISSN: 2042-3306
NlmUniqueID: 0173320
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 54
Issue: 5
Pages: 905-913

Researcher Affiliations

Karikoski, Ninja P
  • Department of Equine and Small Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Box, Justin R
  • Department of Equine and Small Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Mykkänen, Anna K
  • Department of Equine and Small Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Kotiranta, Veikko V
  • Department of Equine and Small Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Raekallio, Marja R
  • Department of Equine and Small Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.

MeSH Terms

  • Adiponectin
  • Animals
  • Blood Glucose / metabolism
  • Glucose Tolerance Test / veterinary
  • Horse Diseases / diagnosis
  • Horses
  • Insulin / metabolism
  • Longitudinal Studies
  • Prospective Studies
  • Risk Factors

Grant Funding

  • The Finnish Foundation of Veterinary Research
  • Erkki Rajakoski Foundation
  • The Finnish Veterinary Research Foundation
  • The Doctoral Programme in Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki

Conflict of Interest Statement

No competing interests have been declared.

References

This article includes 50 references
  1. Arnold W, Ruf T, Kuntz R. Seasonal adjustment of energy budget in a large wild mammal, the Przewalski horse (Equus ferus przewalskii) II. Energy expenditure.. J Exp Biol 2006 Nov;209(Pt 22):4566-73.
    pubmed: 17079726doi: 10.1242/jeb.02536google scholar: lookup
  2. Brinkmann L, Gerken M, Riek A. Adaptation strategies to seasonal changes in environmental conditions of a domesticated horse breed, the Shetland pony (Equus ferus caballus).. J Exp Biol 2012 Apr 1;215(Pt 7):1061-8.
    pubmed: 22399650doi: 10.1242/jeb.064832google scholar: lookup
  3. Donaldson MT, McDonnell SM, Schanbacher BJ, Lamb SV, McFarlane D, Beech J. Variation in plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone concentration and dexamethasone suppression test results with season, age, and sex in healthy ponies and horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2005 Mar-Apr;19(2):217-22.
    pubmed: 15822567doi: 10.1892/0891-6640(2005)19<217:vipahc>2.0.co;2google scholar: lookup
  4. Beech J, Boston RC, McFarlane D, Lindborg S. Evaluation of plasma ACTH, alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, and insulin concentrations during various photoperiods in clinically normal horses and ponies and those with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2009 Sep 15;235(6):715-22.
    pubmed: 19751169doi: 10.2460/javma.235.6.715google scholar: lookup
  5. Place NJ, McGowan CM, Lamb SV, Schanbacher BJ, McGowan T, Walsh DM. Seasonal variation in serum concentrations of selected metabolic hormones in horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2010 May-Jun;24(3):650-4.
    pubmed: 20384949doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0500.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  6. Funk RA, Stewart AJ, Wooldridge AA, Kwessi E, Kemppainen RJ, Behrend EN, Zhong Q, Johnson AK. Seasonal changes in plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in normal, aged horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2011 May-Jun;25(3):579-85.
    pubmed: 21457320doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.0712.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  7. Schreiber CM, Stewart AJ, Kwessi E, Behrend EN, Wright JC, Kemppainen RJ, Busch KA. Seasonal variation in results of diagnostic tests for pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in older, clinically normal geldings.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012 Jul 15;241(2):241-8.
    pubmed: 22765372doi: 10.2460/javma.241.2.241google scholar: lookup
  8. Cordero M, Brorsen BW, McFarlane D. Circadian and circannual rhythms of cortisol, ACTH, and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in healthy horses.. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2012 Nov;43(4):317-24.
    pubmed: 22717182doi: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2012.05.005google scholar: lookup
  9. Diez de Castro E, Lopez I, Cortes B, Pineda C, Garfia B, Aguilera-Tejero E. Influence of feeding status, time of the day, and season on baseline adrenocorticotropic hormone and the response to thyrotropin releasing hormone-stimulation test in healthy horses.. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2014 Jul;48:77-83.
    pubmed: 24906932doi: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2014.02.004google scholar: lookup
  10. Jacob SI, Geor RJ, Weber PSD, Harris PA, McCue ME. Effect of dietary carbohydrates and time of year on ACTH and cortisol concentrations in adult and aged horses.. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2018 Apr;63:15-22.
    pubmed: 29195115doi: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2017.10.005google scholar: lookup
  11. McMahon M, Gerich J, Rizza R. Effects of glucocorticoids on carbohydrate metabolism.. Diabetes Metab Rev 1988 Feb;4(1):17-30.
    pubmed: 3278872doi: 10.1002/dmr.5610040105google scholar: lookup
  12. Obici S, Feng Z, Tan J, Liu L, Karkanias G, Rossetti L. Central melanocortin receptors regulate insulin action.. J Clin Invest 2001 Oct;108(7):1079-85.
    pmc: PMC200952pubmed: 11581309doi: 10.1172/jci12954google scholar: lookup
  13. Borer-Weir KE, Menzies-Gow NJ, Bailey SR, Harris PA, Elliott J. Seasonal and annual influence on insulin and cortisol results from overnight dexamethasone suppression tests in normal ponies and ponies predisposed to laminitis.. Equine Vet J 2013 Nov;45(6):688-93.
    pubmed: 23521139doi: 10.1111/evj.12053google scholar: lookup
  14. Hart KA, Wochele DM, Norton NA, McFarlane D, Wooldridge AA, Frank N. Effect of Age, Season, Body Condition, and Endocrine Status on Serum Free Cortisol Fraction and Insulin Concentration in Horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2016 Mar-Apr;30(2):653-63.
    pmc: PMC4913614pubmed: 26860336doi: 10.1111/jvim.13839google scholar: lookup
  15. Beythien E, Wulf M, Ille N, Aurich J, Aurich C. Effects of sex, pregnancy and season on insulin secretion and carbohydrate metabolism in horses.. Anim Reprod Sci 2017 Sep;184:86-93.
    pubmed: 28701287doi: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2017.07.002google scholar: lookup
  16. Staub C, Venturi E, Cirot M, Léonard L, Barrière P, Blard T, Gaudé Y, Gascogne T, Yvon JM, Lecompte F, Ramé C, Reigner F, Dupont J. Ultrasonographic measures of body fatness and their relationship with plasma levels and adipose tissue expression of four adipokines in Welsh pony mares.. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2019 Oct;69:75-83.
    pubmed: 31374538doi: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2019.02.002google scholar: lookup
  17. Funk RA, Wooldridge AA, Stewart AJ, Behrend EN, Kemppainen RJ, Zhong Q, Johnson AK. Seasonal changes in the combined glucose-insulin tolerance test in normal aged horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2012 Jul-Aug;26(4):1035-41.
    pubmed: 22594619doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00939.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  18. Brinkmann L, Riek A, Gerken M. Long-term adaptation capacity of ponies: effect of season and feed restriction on blood and physiological parameters.. Animal 2018 Jan;12(1):88-97.
    pubmed: 28689503doi: 10.1017/s1751731117001392google scholar: lookup
  19. Durham AE, Frank N, McGowan CM, Menzies-Gow NJ, Roelfsema E, Vervuert I, Feige K, Fey K. ECEIM consensus statement on equine metabolic syndrome.. J Vet Intern Med 2019 Mar;33(2):335-349.
    pmc: PMC6430910pubmed: 30724412doi: 10.1111/jvim.15423google scholar: lookup
  20. Ungru J, Blüher M, Coenen M, Raila J, Boston R, Vervuert I. Effects of body weight reduction on blood adipokines and subcutaneous adipose tissue adipokine mRNA expression profiles in obese ponies.. Vet Rec 2012 Nov 24;171(21):528.
    pubmed: 23042851doi: 10.1136/vr.100911google scholar: lookup
  21. Wooldridge AA, Edwards HG, Plaisance EP, Applegate R, Taylor DR, Taintor J, Zhong Q, Judd RL. Evaluation of high-molecular weight adiponectin in horses.. Am J Vet Res 2012 Aug;73(8):1230-40.
    pubmed: 22849684doi: 10.2460/ajvr.73.8.1230google scholar: lookup
  22. Menzies-Gow NJ, Harris PA, Elliott J. Prospective cohort study evaluating risk factors for the development of pasture-associated laminitis in the United Kingdom.. Equine Vet J 2017 May;49(3):300-306.
    pubmed: 27363591doi: 10.1111/evj.12606google scholar: lookup
  23. Millar HR, Simpson JG, Stalker AL. An evaluation of the heat precipitation method for plasma fibrinogen estimation.. J Clin Pathol 1971 Dec;24(9):827-30.
    pmc: PMC477193pubmed: 5003786doi: 10.1136/jcp.24.9.827google scholar: lookup
  24. Henneke DR, Potter GD, Kreider JL, Yeates BF. Relationship between condition score, physical measurements and body fat percentage in mares.. Equine Vet J 1983 Oct;15(4):371-2.
    pubmed: 6641685doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1983.tb01826.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  25. Carter RA, Geor RJ, Burton Staniar W, Cubitt TA, Harris PA. Apparent adiposity assessed by standardised scoring systems and morphometric measurements in horses and ponies.. Vet J 2009 Feb;179(2):204-10.
    pubmed: 18440844doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.02.029google scholar: lookup
  26. Adams A, Siard M, Reedy S, Barker D, Elzinga S, Sanz M. Evaluating seasonal influences on hormone responses to a diagnostic test (thyrotropin‐releasing hormone stimulation) advocated for early diagnosis of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID). In: Equine Endocrinology Summit 2017, Coral Gables, FL, USA.
  27. Menzies-Gow NJ, Knowles EJ, Rogers I, Rendle DI. Validity and application of immunoturbidimetric and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the measurement of adiponectin concentration in ponies.. Equine Vet J 2019 Jan;51(1):33-37.
    pubmed: 29679396doi: 10.1111/evj.12960google scholar: lookup
  28. McFarlane D, Paradis MR, Zimmel D, Sykes B, Brorsen BW, Sanchez A, Vainio K. The effect of geographic location, breed, and pituitary dysfunction on seasonal adrenocorticotropin and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone plasma concentrations in horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2011 Jul-Aug;25(4):872-81.
    pubmed: 21745243doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.0745.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  29. Bamford NJ, Potter SJ, Harris PA, Bailey SR. Breed differences in insulin sensitivity and insulinemic responses to oral glucose in horses and ponies of moderate body condition score.. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2014 Apr;47:101-7.
    pubmed: 24308928doi: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2013.11.001google scholar: lookup
  30. Box JR, McGowan CM, Raekallio MR, Mykkänen AK, Carslake H, Karikoski NP. Insulin dysregulation in a population of Finnhorses and associated phenotypic markers of obesity.. J Vet Intern Med 2020 Jul;34(4):1599-1605.
    pmc: PMC7379004pubmed: 32557899doi: 10.1111/jvim.15782google scholar: lookup
  31. Pleasant RS, Suagee JK, Thatcher CD, Elvinger F, Geor RJ. Adiposity, plasma insulin, leptin, lipids, and oxidative stress in mature light breed horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2013 May-Jun;27(3):576-82.
    pubmed: 23517373doi: 10.1111/jvim.12056google scholar: lookup
  32. Knowles EJ, Harris PA, Elliott J, Menzies-Gow NJ. Use of the oral sugar test in ponies when performed with or without prior fasting.. Equine Vet J 2017 Jul;49(4):519-524.
    pubmed: 27381044doi: 10.1111/evj.12607google scholar: lookup
  33. Frank N, Walsh DM. Repeatability of Oral Sugar Test Results, Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Measurements, and Serum High-Molecular-Weight Adiponectin Concentrations in Horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2017 Jul;31(4):1178-1187.
    pmc: PMC5508339pubmed: 28543933doi: 10.1111/jvim.14725google scholar: lookup
  34. Morgan RA, McGowan TW, McGowan CM. Prevalence and risk factors for hyperinsulinaemia in ponies in Queensland, Australia.. Aust Vet J 2014 Apr;92(4):101-6.
    pubmed: 24673135doi: 10.1111/avj.12159google scholar: lookup
  35. Nielsen BD, O'Connor‐Robison CI, Spooner HS, Shelton J. Glycemic and insulinemic responses are affected by age of horse and method of feed processing. J Equine Vet Sci 2010;30(5):249–58.
  36. Rapson JL, Schott HC 2nd, Nielsen BD, McCutcheon LJ, Harris PA, Geor RJ. Effects of age and diet on glucose and insulin dynamics in the horse.. Equine Vet J 2018 Sep;50(5):690-696.
    pubmed: 29356053doi: 10.1111/evj.12812google scholar: lookup
  37. Basu R, Breda E, Oberg AL, Powell CC, Dalla Man C, Basu A, Vittone JL, Klee GG, Arora P, Jensen MD, Toffolo G, Cobelli C, Rizza RA. Mechanisms of the age-associated deterioration in glucose tolerance: contribution of alterations in insulin secretion, action, and clearance.. Diabetes 2003 Jul;52(7):1738-48.
    pubmed: 12829641doi: 10.2337/diabetes.52.7.1738google scholar: lookup
  38. Karakelides H, Irving BA, Short KR, O'Brien P, Nair KS. Age, obesity, and sex effects on insulin sensitivity and skeletal muscle mitochondrial function.. Diabetes 2010 Jan;59(1):89-97.
    pmc: PMC2797949pubmed: 19833885doi: 10.2337/db09-0591google scholar: lookup
  39. Kadowaki T, Yamauchi T. Adiponectin and adiponectin receptors.. Endocr Rev 2005 May;26(3):439-51.
    pubmed: 15897298doi: 10.1210/er.2005-0005google scholar: lookup
  40. Wray H, Elliott J, Bailey SR, Harris PA, Menzies-Gow NJ. Plasma concentrations of inflammatory markers in previously laminitic ponies.. Equine Vet J 2013 Sep;45(5):546-51.
    pubmed: 23418944doi: 10.1111/evj.12031google scholar: lookup
  41. Meier AD, de Laat MA, Reiche DB, Sillence MN. Glucagon-like peptide-1, insulin-like growth factor-1, and adiponectin in insulin-dysregulated ponies: effects of feeding a high nonstructural carbohydrate diet and association with prospective laminitis.. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2020 Apr;71:106397.
    pubmed: 31812879doi: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2019.106397google scholar: lookup
  42. Fitzgerald DM, Anderson ST, Sillence MN, de Laat MA. The cresty neck score is an independent predictor of insulin dysregulation in ponies.. PLoS One 2019;14(7):e0220203.
    pmc: PMC6655749pubmed: 31339945doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220203google scholar: lookup
  43. Selim S, Elo K, Jaakkola S, Karikoski N, Boston R, Reilas T, Särkijärvi S, Saastamoinen M, Kokkonen T. Relationships among Body Condition, Insulin Resistance and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Gene Expression during the Grazing Season in Mares.. PLoS One 2015;10(5):e0125968.
    pmc: PMC4418745pubmed: 25938677doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125968google scholar: lookup
  44. Bird SR, Hawley JA. Update on the effects of physical activity on insulin sensitivity in humans.. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2016;2(1):e000143.
    pmc: PMC5569266pubmed: 28879026doi: 10.1136/bmjsem-2016-000143google scholar: lookup
  45. Karstoft K, Pedersen BK. Exercise and type 2 diabetes: focus on metabolism and inflammation.. Immunol Cell Biol 2016 Feb;94(2):146-50.
    pubmed: 26568029doi: 10.1038/icb.2015.101google scholar: lookup
  46. Stewart-Hunt L, Geor RJ, McCutcheon LJ. Effects of short-term training on insulin sensitivity and skeletal muscle glucose metabolism in standardbred horses.. Equine Vet J Suppl 2006 Aug;(36):226-32.
    pubmed: 17402423doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2006.tb05544.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  47. Bonelli F, Sgorbini M, Meucci V, Sighieri C, Baragli P. How swimming affects plasma insulin and glucose concentration in Thoroughbreds: A pilot study.. Vet J 2017 Aug;226:1-3.
    pubmed: 28911834doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.06.006google scholar: lookup
  48. Bamford NJ, Potter SJ, Baskerville CL, Harris PA, Bailey SR. Influence of dietary restriction and low-intensity exercise on weight loss and insulin sensitivity in obese equids.. J Vet Intern Med 2019 Jan;33(1):280-286.
    pmc: PMC6335535pubmed: 30520164doi: 10.1111/jvim.15374google scholar: lookup
  49. de Laat MA, Hampson BA, Sillence MN, Pollitt CC. Sustained, Low-Intensity Exercise Achieved by a Dynamic Feeding System Decreases Body Fat in Ponies.. J Vet Intern Med 2016 Sep;30(5):1732-1738.
    pmc: PMC5032883pubmed: 27639952doi: 10.1111/jvim.14577google scholar: lookup
  50. Carter RA, McCutcheon LJ, Valle E, Meilahn EN, Geor RJ. Effects of exercise training on adiposity, insulin sensitivity, and plasma hormone and lipid concentrations in overweight or obese, insulin-resistant horses.. Am J Vet Res 2010 Mar;71(3):314-21.
    pubmed: 20187833doi: 10.2460/ajvr.71.3.314google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 7 times.
  1. Hallman I, Karikoski N, Kareskoski M. The effects of obesity and insulin dysregulation on mare reproduction, pregnancy, and foal health: a review. Front Vet Sci 2023;10:1180622.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1180622pubmed: 37152686google scholar: lookup
  2. Kellon EM, Gustafson KM. Hypertriglyceridemia in equines with refractory hyperinsulinemia treated with SGLT2 inhibitors. Open Vet J 2023 Mar;13(3):365-375.
    doi: 10.5455/OVJ.2023.v13.i3.14pubmed: 37026076google scholar: lookup
  3. Knowles EJ, Elliott J, Harris PA, Chang YM, Menzies-Gow NJ. Predictors of laminitis development in a cohort of nonlaminitic ponies. Equine Vet J 2023 Jan;55(1):12-23.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.13572pubmed: 35263471google scholar: lookup
  4. Espinosa-López EM, Ortiz-Guisado B, Diez de Castro E, Durham A, Aguilera-Tejero E, Gómez-Baena G. Quantitative proteomics unveils potential plasma biomarkers and provides insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying equine metabolic syndrome. BMC Vet Res 2025 Jul 2;21(1):425.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-025-04879-6pubmed: 40604814google scholar: lookup
  5. Al-Ansari AS, Duggan V, Mulcahy G, Yin X, Brennan L, Cotter PD, Patel SH, O'Donovan CM, Crispie F, Walshe N. Faecal microbiota and serum metabolome association with equine metabolic syndrome in connemara ponies. BMC Vet Res 2025 Jul 1;21(1):411.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-025-04853-2pubmed: 40598279google scholar: lookup
  6. Lopes A, Huber L, Durham AE. The Seasonality of Serum Insulin Concentrations in Equids and the Association With Breed, Age, and Sex. J Vet Intern Med 2025 May-Jun;39(3):e70089.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.70089pubmed: 40219807google scholar: lookup
  7. Menzies-Gow NJ, Knowles EJ. Sodium-glucose transport protein 2 inhibitor use in the management of insulin dysregulation in ponies and horses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2025 Jan;48 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):31-40.
    doi: 10.1111/jvp.13470pubmed: 38984777google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,357 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.