Analyze Diet
American journal of veterinary research2015; 77(1); 98-107; doi: 10.2460/ajvr.77.1.98

Veterinary applications of infrared thermography.

Abstract: Abnormal body temperature is a major indicator of disease; infrared thermography (IRT) can assess changes in body surface temperature quickly and remotely. This technology can be applied to a myriad of diseases of various etiologies across a wide range of host species in veterinary medicine. It is used to monitor the physiologic status of individual animals, such as measuring feed efficiency or diagnosing pregnancy. Infrared thermography has applications in the assessment of animal welfare, and has been used to detect soring in horses and monitor stress responses. This review addresses the variety of uses for IRT in veterinary medicine, including disease detection, physiologic monitoring, welfare assessment, and potential future applications.
Publication Date: 2015-12-29 PubMed ID: 26709943DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.77.1.98Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • U.S. Gov't
  • Non-P.H.S.
  • Review

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article discusses the use of infrared thermography (IRT) in veterinary medicine to detect diseases, monitor physiological changes, assess animal welfare, and conduct disease diagnosis among others. This is based on the fact that changes in body temperature is a strong indicator of disease.

Disease Detection

  • IRT is advantageous in disease detection as it is able to swiftly and remotely evaluate any changes in the body surface temperature, which forms an integral part of any animal’s physiological responses. A change in body temperature can be a primary indicator of a variety of different diseases, and hence, IRT assists in diagnosing various diseases of different etiologies.

Physiological Monitoring

  • Apart from disease detection, IRT also aids in the monitoring of individual animals’ physiological status. This can be of great significance in several cases, such as measuring the feed efficiency in animals which can help in determining the well-being and health status of the animal.
  • Another key application can be in diagnosing pregnancy where IRT can be utilised to identify any changes in physiological or metabolic function in the animal.

Assessment of Animal Welfare

  • IRT plays a very important role in the assessment of animal welfare. This technology can be employed to monitor stress responses in animals, which can influence the implementation of improved welfare approaches.
  • In horses, for instance, IRT has been utilised effectively to detect soring. Soring is a painful condition caused by chemicals or physical methods to make the horse lift its feet higher. Detection of such conditions help in ensuring the welfare of the animals by initiating necessary treatments and preventions.

Future Applications

  • This review also discusses potential future applications of IRT within veterinary medicine. Given its non-invasive nature and the breadth of application, there is substantial scope for the use of IRT in new and innovative ways within the field.

Cite This Article

APA
Rekant SI, Lyons MA, Pacheco JM, Arzt J, Rodriguez LL. (2015). Veterinary applications of infrared thermography. Am J Vet Res, 77(1), 98-107. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.77.1.98

Publication

ISSN: 1943-5681
NlmUniqueID: 0375011
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 77
Issue: 1
Pages: 98-107

Researcher Affiliations

Rekant, Steven I
    Lyons, Mark A
      Pacheco, Juan M
        Arzt, Jonathan
          Rodriguez, Luis L

            MeSH Terms

            • Animal Welfare
            • Animals
            • Body Temperature / physiology
            • Infrared Rays
            • Monitoring, Physiologic / veterinary
            • Thermography / veterinary

            Citations

            This article has been cited 38 times.
            1. Whittaker AL, Muns R, Wang D, Martínez-Burnes J, Hernández-Ávalos I, Casas-Alvarado A, Domínguez-Oliva A, Mota-Rojas D. Assessment of Pain and Inflammation in Domestic Animals Using Infrared Thermography: A Narrative Review. Animals (Basel) 2023 Jun 22;13(13).
              doi: 10.3390/ani13132065pubmed: 37443863google scholar: lookup
            2. Silva FG, Conceição C, Pereira AMF, Cerqueira JL, Silva SR. Literature Review on Technological Applications to Monitor and Evaluate Calves' Health and Welfare. Animals (Basel) 2023 Mar 24;13(7).
              doi: 10.3390/ani13071148pubmed: 37048404google scholar: lookup
            3. Gallman J, Lee-Fowler T, Clark-Price S, Grobman M. Evaluation of infrared thermography and 6-minute walk tests to assess airflow limitation, impaired thermoregulation, and exercise intolerance in dogs with brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome. PLoS One 2023;18(3):e0283807.
              doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283807pubmed: 37000798google scholar: lookup
            4. Layton R, Layton D, Beggs D, Fisher A, Mansell P, Stanger KJ. The impact of stress and anesthesia on animal models of infectious disease. Front Vet Sci 2023;10:1086003.
              doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1086003pubmed: 36816193google scholar: lookup
            5. Abreu de Souza M, Alka Cordeiro DC, Oliveira J, Oliveira MFA, Bonafini BL. 3D Multi-Modality Medical Imaging: Combining Anatomical and Infrared Thermal Images for 3D Reconstruction. Sensors (Basel) 2023 Feb 1;23(3).
              doi: 10.3390/s23031610pubmed: 36772650google scholar: lookup
            6. Mota-Rojas D, Pereira AMF, Martínez-Burnes J, Domínguez-Oliva A, Mora-Medina P, Casas-Alvarado A, Rios-Sandoval J, de Mira Geraldo A, Wang D. Thermal Imaging to Assess the Health Status in Wildlife Animals under Human Care: Limitations and Perspectives. Animals (Basel) 2022 Dec 15;12(24).
              doi: 10.3390/ani12243558pubmed: 36552478google scholar: lookup
            7. Simões PBA, Viora L, Pepler PT, Geraghty T, McCafferty DJ, Zadoks RN. Evaluation of a Novel Infrared Thermography Projection to Assess Udder Health in Primigravid Dairy Heifers. Animals (Basel) 2022 Dec 3;12(23).
              doi: 10.3390/ani12233410pubmed: 36496931google scholar: lookup
            8. Bigiarelli KJ. Rodent Thermoregulation: Considerations for Tail-Cuff Blood Pressure Measurements. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 2022 Sep 1;61(5):406-411.
            9. Casas-Alvarado A, Martínez-Burnes J, Mora-Medina P, Hernández-Avalos I, Domínguez-Oliva A, Lezama-García K, Gómez-Prado J, Mota-Rojas D. Thermal and Circulatory Changes in Diverse Body Regions in Dogs and Cats Evaluated by Infrared Thermography. Animals (Basel) 2022 Mar 20;12(6).
              doi: 10.3390/ani12060789pubmed: 35327185google scholar: lookup
            10. Zheng S, Zhou C, Jiang X, Huang J, Xu D. Progress on Infrared Imaging Technology in Animal Production: A Review. Sensors (Basel) 2022 Jan 18;22(3).
              doi: 10.3390/s22030705pubmed: 35161450google scholar: lookup
            11. Pastorelli G, Serra V, Turin L, Redaelli V, Luzi F, Barbieri S. Tranquillizing Effect of Passiflora incarnata Extract: Outcome on Behavioral and Physiological Indicators in Weaning Pigs with Intact Tails. Animals (Basel) 2022 Jan 15;12(2).
              doi: 10.3390/ani12020203pubmed: 35049826google scholar: lookup
            12. Gelasakis AI, Kalogianni AI, Moschovas M, Tsimpouri E, Pnevmatikos T, Bossis I, Arsenos G, Simitzis P. Evaluation of Infrared Thermography for the Detection of Footrot and White Line Disease Lesions in Dairy Sheep. Vet Sci 2021 Oct 5;8(10).
              doi: 10.3390/vetsci8100219pubmed: 34679049google scholar: lookup
            13. Travain T, Valsecchi P. Infrared Thermography in the Study of Animals' Emotional Responses: A Critical Review. Animals (Basel) 2021 Aug 26;11(9).
              doi: 10.3390/ani11092510pubmed: 34573476google scholar: lookup
            14. Cekiera A, Popiel J, Siemieniuch M, Jaworski Z, Slowikowska M, Siwinska N, Zak A, Niedzwiedz A. The examination of biophysical parameters of the skin in Polish Konik horses. PLoS One 2021;16(6):e0250329.
              doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250329pubmed: 34153061google scholar: lookup
            15. Grzeskowiak RM, Alghazali KM, Hecht S, Donnell RL, Doherty TJ, Smith CK, Anderson DE, Biris AS, Adair HS. Influence of a novel scaffold composed of polyurethane, hydroxyapatite, and decellularized bone particles on the healing of fourth metacarpal defects in mares. Vet Surg 2021 Jul;50(5):1117-1127.
              doi: 10.1111/vsu.13608pubmed: 33948951google scholar: lookup
            16. Valentini S, Bruno E, Nanni C, Musella V, Antonucci M, Spinella G. Superficial Heating Evaluation by Thermographic Imaging before and after Tecar Therapy in Six Dogs Submitted to a Rehabilitation Protocol: A Pilot Study. Animals (Basel) 2021 Jan 20;11(2).
              doi: 10.3390/ani11020249pubmed: 33498480google scholar: lookup
            17. Kang H, Zsoldos RR, Woldeyohannes SM, Gaughan JB, Sole Guitart A. The Use of Percutaneous Thermal Sensing Microchips for Body Temperature Measurements in Horses Prior to, during and after Treadmill Exercise. Animals (Basel) 2020 Dec 2;10(12).
              doi: 10.3390/ani10122274pubmed: 33276500google scholar: lookup
            18. Frost PA, Chen S, Rodriguez-Ayala E, Laviada-Molina HA, Vaquera Z, Gaytan-Saucedo JF, Li WH, Haack K, Grayburn PA, Sayers K, Cole SA, Bastarrachea RA. Research methodology for in vivo measurements of resting energy expenditure, daily body temperature, metabolic heat and non-viral tissue-specific gene therapy in baboons. Res Vet Sci 2020 Dec;133:136-145.
              doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.09.020pubmed: 32979746google scholar: lookup
            19. Larkin M, Loughin C, Marino D, Dewey C, Umbaugh S, Sackman J. Medical infrared thermal imaging of syringomyelia in the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel. BMC Vet Res 2020 May 14;16(1):137.
              doi: 10.1186/s12917-020-02354-ypubmed: 32410627google scholar: lookup
            20. Lowe G, McCane B, Sutherland M, Waas J, Schaefer A, Cox N, Stewart M. Automated Collection and Analysis of Infrared Thermograms for Measuring Eye and Cheek Temperatures in Calves. Animals (Basel) 2020 Feb 12;10(2).
              doi: 10.3390/ani10020292pubmed: 32059554google scholar: lookup
            21. Maśko M, Zdrojkowski L, Domino M, Jasinski T, Gajewski Z. The Pattern of Superficial Body Temperatures in Leisure Horses Lunged with Commonly Used Lunging Aids. Animals (Basel) 2019 Dec 7;9(12).
              doi: 10.3390/ani9121095pubmed: 31817842google scholar: lookup
            22. Redaelli V, Papa S, Marsella G, Grignaschi G, Bosi A, Ludwig N, Luzi F, Vismara I, Rimondo S, Veglianese P, Tepteva S, Mazzola S, Zerbi P, Porcu L, Roughan JV, Parati G, Calvillo L. A refinement approach in a mouse model of rehabilitation research. Analgesia strategy, reduction approach and infrared thermography in spinal cord injury. PLoS One 2019;14(10):e0224337.
              doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224337pubmed: 31665157google scholar: lookup
            23. Redaelli V, Luzi F, Mazzola S, Bariffi GD, Zappaterra M, Nanni Costa L, Padalino B. The Use of Infrared Thermography (IRT) as Stress Indicator in Horses Trained for Endurance: A Pilot Study. Animals (Basel) 2019 Mar 7;9(3).
              doi: 10.3390/ani9030084pubmed: 30866503google scholar: lookup
            24. Radigonda VL, Pereira GR, da Cruz Favaro P, Barca Júnior FA, Borges MHF, Galdioli VHG, Júnior CK. Infrared thermography relationship between the temperature of the vulvar skin, ovarian activity, and pregnancy rates in Braford cows. Trop Anim Health Prod 2017 Dec;49(8):1787-1791.
              doi: 10.1007/s11250-017-1378-5pubmed: 28849316google scholar: lookup
            25. Zanghi BM. Eye and Ear Temperature Using Infrared Thermography Are Related to Rectal Temperature in Dogs at Rest or With Exercise. Front Vet Sci 2016;3:111.
              doi: 10.3389/fvets.2016.00111pubmed: 28066775google scholar: lookup
            26. White C, Colefax AP, Parra GJ. Drone Infrared Thermography for Detecting Skin Thermal Anomalies in Bottlenose Dolphins: Preliminary Insights. Ecol Evol 2026 Jan;16(1):e72892.
              doi: 10.1002/ece3.72892pubmed: 41601618google scholar: lookup
            27. Jerem P, Romero LM. Body surface temperatures as biomarkers of physiological environmental adaptation in wild birds and mammals. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2026 Feb;101(1):336-363.
              doi: 10.1111/brv.70085pubmed: 41039784google scholar: lookup
            28. Zhao X, Tanaka R, Mandour AS, Shimada K, Hamabe L. Remote Vital Sensing in Clinical Veterinary Medicine: A Comprehensive Review of Recent Advances, Accomplishments, Challenges, and Future Perspectives. Animals (Basel) 2025 Apr 3;15(7).
              doi: 10.3390/ani15071033pubmed: 40218426google scholar: lookup
            29. Bueso-Ródenas J, Moreno-Manrique M, Gascó P, Arias R, Romero G, Díaz JR. Evaluation of Body and Udder Temperatures and Mammary Gland Health Status Throughout Lactation in Manchega Dairy Sheep. Animals (Basel) 2025 Mar 9;15(6).
              doi: 10.3390/ani15060773pubmed: 40150302google scholar: lookup
            30. Lysitsas M, Botsoglou G, Dimitriadis D, Termatzidou S, Kazana P, Tsoumakas G, Tsokana CN, Malissiova E, Spyrou V, Billinis C, Valiakos G. Subclinical Mastitis in Lacaune Sheep: Etiologic Agents, the Effect on Milk Characteristics, and an Evaluation of Infrared Thermography and the YOLO Algorithm as a Preprocessing Tool for Advanced Analysis. Vet Sci 2024 Dec 22;11(12).
              doi: 10.3390/vetsci11120676pubmed: 39729016google scholar: lookup
            31. Naimon N, Jarudecha T, Sussadee M, Muikaew R, Charoensin S. Prediction model for rectal temperature in cats with different baseline characteristics using a non-contact infrared thermometer. Vet World 2024 Oct;17(10):2193-2203.
            32. Korelidou V, Simitzis P, Massouras T, Gelasakis AI. Infrared Thermography as a Diagnostic Tool for the Assessment of Mastitis in Dairy Ruminants. Animals (Basel) 2024 Sep 16;14(18).
              doi: 10.3390/ani14182691pubmed: 39335280google scholar: lookup
            33. Riaz U, Idris M, Ahmed M, Ali F, Farooq U, Yang L. The Potential of Infrared Thermography for Early Pregnancy Diagnosis in Nili-Ravi Buffaloes. Animals (Basel) 2024 Jul 2;14(13).
              doi: 10.3390/ani14131966pubmed: 38998078google scholar: lookup
            34. Russell JP, Osborn SD, Herrick KES, Schmitt TL, Robeck T. Infrared Thermography of the Blowhole as a Potential Diagnostic Tool for Health Assessment in Killer Whales (Orcinus orca). Animals (Basel) 2024 Jun 25;14(13).
              doi: 10.3390/ani14131867pubmed: 38997980google scholar: lookup
            35. Carreira LM, Cota J, Alves J, Inácio F, Alexandre-Pires G, Azevedo P. A Pilot Study of the Clinical Effectiveness of a Single Intra-Articular Injection of Stanozolol in Canines with Knee Degenerative Joint Disease and Its Correlation with Serum Interleukin-1β Levels. Animals (Basel) 2024 Apr 30;14(9).
              doi: 10.3390/ani14091351pubmed: 38731355google scholar: lookup
            36. Mota-Rojas D, Ogi A, Villanueva-García D, Hernández-Ávalos I, Casas-Alvarado A, Domínguez-Oliva A, Lendez P, Ghezzi M. Thermal Imaging as a Method to Indirectly Assess Peripheral Vascular Integrity and Tissue Viability in Veterinary Medicine: Animal Models and Clinical Applications. Animals (Basel) 2023 Dec 31;14(1).
              doi: 10.3390/ani14010142pubmed: 38200873google scholar: lookup
            37. Ibáñez C, Moreno-Manrique M, Villagrá A, Bueso-Ródenas J, Mínguez C. Evaluation of Non-Contact Device to Measure Body Temperature in Sheep. Animals (Basel) 2023 Dec 27;14(1).
              doi: 10.3390/ani14010098pubmed: 38200829google scholar: lookup
            38. Angrisani L, De Benedetto E, Duraccio L, Lo Regio F, Ruggiero R, Tedesco A. Infrared Thermography for Real-Time Assessment of the Effectiveness of Scoliosis Braces. Sensors (Basel) 2023 Sep 22;23(19).
              doi: 10.3390/s23198037pubmed: 37836867google scholar: lookup