Virulence and in vitro growth of a cell-adapted strain of equine infectious anemia virus after serial passage in ponies.
Abstract: Five serial passages of a cell-adapted strain of equine infectious anemia (EIA) virus were conducted in Shetland ponies. The 13 recipient ponies became agar-gel immunodiffusion test-positive by 25 days after they were inoculated. The virulence of the cell-adapted strain of EIA virus markedly increased through 3 serial passages, although individual variation within passages was high. The 1st serial-passage recipient remained afebrile through 200 days, whereas a febrile episode occurred about every 185, 44, 35, and 33 days in the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th serial-passage recipients, respectively. Severe clinical signs of EIA were noted in the ponies at each serial passage, but the mean virulence rating of each passage, graded on frequency of febrile episodes and number of clinical signs evident within 200 days after ponies were inoculated, increased from 0 through 4, 21, 24, and 29 for the 1st through 5th serial passages, respectively. Isolates of EIA virus, made in fetal equine kidney cells, were obtained from plasma of 75% of the samples of blood collected during febrile episodes and from 45% of the samples collected during afebrile periods, indicating that the cell culture growth capacity of this strain of EIA virus may be relatively stable through 5 serial passages in Shetland ponies.
Publication Date: 1982-09-01 PubMed ID: 6293349
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- Journal Article
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
- Research Support
- U.S. Gov't
- P.H.S.
Summary
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The research article discusses a study on the effect of repeated passages of a cell-adapted strain of equine infectious anemia virus in Shetland ponies. The study found that the virulence of the virus increases with each passage.
Study Method
- The researchers conducted five serial passages of a cell-adapted strain of Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA) virus in Shetland ponies.
- Thirteen ponies were inoculated with the virus and monitored for over 200 days.
- The severity of the EIA infection, also known as virulence, was measured based on the frequency of fever episodes and the number of infection symptoms observed within 200 days after the ponies were inoculated.
- The researchers were also able to obtain a sample of the EIA virus from the plasma of the infected ponies during both feverous and non-feverous periods.
Findings
- All the ponies inoculated became immunotest-positive by day 25 post-inoculation, implying that they had been successfully infected by the EIA virus.
- The virulence of the cell-adapted EIA strain greatly escalated through the first three serial passages, with a noticeable individual variation.
- The first round of serial passage didn’t result in a fever episode till day 200, whereas fever episodes occurred around every 185, 44, 35, and 33 days in the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th round of serial passage recipients, respectively.
- There’s a clear upward trend in the average virulence rating with each passage. The results increased from 0 to 4, 21, 24, and 29 for the 1st through 5th serial passages, respectively.
- Throughout the study, severe infection symptoms were recorded in the inoculated ponies.
Implications
- The data indicates that the cell culture growth capacity of the EIA virus may be relatively stable through the five serial passages in Shetland ponies since virus isolates could be obtained from 75% of the collected blood samples during fever episodes and 45% during non-fever periods.
- The results of the experiment show that the repeated passages of the cell-adapted EIA strain in ponies lead to the increased virulence of the virus, impacting the frequency and severity of symptoms.
Cite This Article
APA
Orrego A, Issel CJ, Montelaro RC, Adams WV.
(1982).
Virulence and in vitro growth of a cell-adapted strain of equine infectious anemia virus after serial passage in ponies.
Am J Vet Res, 43(9), 1556-1560.
Publication
Researcher Affiliations
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Equine Infectious Anemia / microbiology
- Horses / microbiology
- Infectious Anemia Virus, Equine / growth & development
- Infectious Anemia Virus, Equine / pathogenicity
- Viremia / microbiology
- Viremia / veterinary
- Virulence
Grant Funding
- AI17594 / NIAID NIH HHS
Citations
This article has been cited 26 times.- Maury W, Thompson RJ, Jones Q, Bradley S, Denke T, Baccam P, Smazik M, Oaks JL. Evolution of the equine infectious anemia virus long terminal repeat during the alteration of cell tropism. J Virol 2005 May;79(9):5653-64.
- Cook RF, Leroux C, Cook SJ, Berger SL, Lichtenstein DL, Ghabrial NN, Montelaro RC, Issel CJ. Development and characterization of an in vivo pathogenic molecular clone of equine infectious anemia virus. J Virol 1998 Feb;72(2):1383-93.
- Hammond SA, Cook SJ, Lichtenstein DL, Issel CJ, Montelaro RC. Maturation of the cellular and humoral immune responses to persistent infection in horses by equine infectious anemia virus is a complex and lengthy process. J Virol 1997 May;71(5):3840-52.
- Lichtenstein DL, Issel CJ, Montelaro RC. Genomic quasispecies associated with the initiation of infection and disease in ponies experimentally infected with equine infectious anemia virus. J Virol 1996 Jun;70(6):3346-54.
- Suarez DL, VanDerMaaten MJ, Wood C, Whetstone CA. Isolation and characterization of new wild-type isolates of bovine lentivirus. J Virol 1993 Aug;67(8):5051-5.
- Kim CH, Casey JW. In vivo replicative status and envelope heterogeneity of equine infectious anemia virus in an inapparent carrier. J Virol 1994 Apr;68(4):2777-80.
- McGuire TC, Tumas DB, Byrne KM, Hines MT, Leib SR, Brassfield AL, O'Rourke KI, Perryman LE. Major histocompatibility complex-restricted CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes from horses with equine infectious anemia virus recognize Env and Gag/PR proteins. J Virol 1994 Mar;68(3):1459-67.
- Sellon DC, Fuller FJ, McGuire TC. The immunopathogenesis of equine infectious anemia virus. Virus Res 1994 May;32(2):111-38.
- Shane BS, Issel CJ, Montelaro RC. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of equine infectious anemia virus p26 antigen and antibody. J Clin Microbiol 1984 Mar;19(3):351-5.
- Payne SL, Salinovich O, Nauman SM, Issel CJ, Montelaro RC. Course and extent of variation of equine infectious anemia virus during parallel persistent infections. J Virol 1987 Apr;61(4):1266-70.
- Salinovich O, Payne SL, Montelaro RC, Hussain KA, Issel CJ, Schnorr KL. Rapid emergence of novel antigenic and genetic variants of equine infectious anemia virus during persistent infection. J Virol 1986 Jan;57(1):71-80.
- Carpenter S, Chesebro B. Change in host cell tropism associated with in vitro replication of equine infectious anemia virus. J Virol 1989 Jun;63(6):2492-6.
- Hussain KA, Issel CJ, Schnorr KL, Rwambo PM, West M, Montelaro RC. Antigenic mapping of the envelope proteins of equine infectious anemia virus: identification of a neutralization domain and a conserved region on glycoprotein 90. Arch Virol 1988;98(3-4):213-24.
- Hussain KA, Issel CJ, Schnorr KL, Rwambo PM, Montelaro RC. Antigenic analysis of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) variants by using monoclonal antibodies: epitopes of glycoprotein gp90 of EIAV stimulate neutralizing antibodies. J Virol 1987 Oct;61(10):2956-61.
- Whetter L, Archambault D, Perry S, Gazit A, Coggins L, Yaniv A, Clabough D, Dahlberg J, Fuller F, Tronick S. Equine infectious anemia virus derived from a molecular clone persistently infects horses. J Virol 1990 Dec;64(12):5750-6.
- Rwambo PM, Issel CJ, Adams WV Jr, Hussain KA, Miller M, Montelaro RC. Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) humoral responses of recipient ponies and antigenic variation during persistent infection. Arch Virol 1990;111(3-4):199-212.
- Rasty S, Dhruva BR, Schiltz RL, Shih DS, Issel CJ, Montelaro RC. Proviral DNA integration and transcriptional patterns of equine infectious anemia virus during persistent and cytopathic infections. J Virol 1990 Jan;64(1):86-95.
- Chong YH, Ball JM, Issel CJ, Montelaro RC, Rushlow KE. Analysis of equine humoral immune responses to the transmembrane envelope glycoprotein (gp45) of equine infectious anemia virus. J Virol 1991 Feb;65(2):1013-8.
- Clabough DL, Gebhard D, Flaherty MT, Whetter LE, Perry ST, Coggins L, Fuller FJ. Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia in horses infected with equine infectious anemia virus. J Virol 1991 Nov;65(11):6242-51.
- Chong YH, Payne SL, Issel CJ, Montelaro RC, Rushlow KE. Characterization of the antigenic domains of the major core protein (p26) of equine infectious anemia virus. J Virol 1991 Feb;65(2):1007-12.
- Rwambo PM, Issel CJ, Hussain KA, Montelaro RC. In vitro isolation of a neutralization escape mutant of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV). Arch Virol 1990;111(3-4):275-80.
- Sellon DC, Perry ST, Coggins L, Fuller FJ. Wild-type equine infectious anemia virus replicates in vivo predominantly in tissue macrophages, not in peripheral blood monocytes. J Virol 1992 Oct;66(10):5906-13.
- Ball JM, Rushlow KE, Issel CJ, Montelaro RC. Detailed mapping of the antigenicity of the surface unit glycoprotein of equine infectious anemia virus by using synthetic peptide strategies. J Virol 1992 Feb;66(2):732-42.
- Perry ST, Flaherty MT, Kelley MJ, Clabough DL, Tronick SR, Coggins L, Whetter L, Lengel CR, Fuller F. The surface envelope protein gene region of equine infectious anemia virus is not an important determinant of tropism in vitro. J Virol 1992 Jul;66(7):4085-97.
- Schiltz RL, Shih DS, Rasty S, Montelaro RC, Rushlow KE. Equine infectious anemia virus gene expression: characterization of the RNA splicing pattern and the protein products encoded by open reading frames S1 and S2. J Virol 1992 Jun;66(6):3455-65.
- Carpenter S, Miller LD, Alexandersen S, Whetstone CA, VanDerMaaten MJ, Viuff B, Wannemuehler Y, Miller JM, Roth JA. Characterization of early pathogenic effects after experimental infection of calves with bovine immunodeficiency-like virus. J Virol 1992 Feb;66(2):1074-83.
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