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Home / Equine Research Bank / J Vet Intern Med / Voluntary surveillance program for equine influenza virus in...
Journal of veterinary internal medicine2015; 29(1); 417-422; doi: 10.1111/jvim.12519

Voluntary surveillance program for equine influenza virus in the United States from 2010 to 2013.

Abstract: Recent surveillance studies for equine respiratory viruses have shown that equine influenza virus (EIV) continues to be a prevalent respiratory virus of equids throughout the United States and Europe. Objective: To gain a better understanding of the prevalence and epidemiology of EIV shed by horses, mules and donkeys in the United States from March 2010 to November 2013. Methods: 2,605 equids. Methods: Nasal secretions from index cases with acute onset of respiratory disease were tested by qPCR for EIV. Multilevel logistic regression was used to model the association between EIV status and prevalence factors. Furthermore, observations from EIV-positive study horses were compared to previous data from March 2008 to February 2010. Results: A total of 230 (9.7%) index cases tested qPCR positive for EIV. A higher-than-expected proportion of EIV qPCR-positive horses occurred in the 1-5, 6-10, and 11-15 age groups when compared to the <1 year of age group. Fever, nasal discharge and coughing were positively associated with EIV-positive horses. EIV qPCR-positive study cases were significantly older and more often vaccinated against EIV compared to EIV qPCR-positive animals from the 2008-2010 study period. Conclusions: This study provides valuable and contemporary information on the frequency of EIV detected by qPCR in the United States. The results also underscore that older and previously vaccinated horses were susceptible to EIV.
Copyright © 2015 The Authors. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.
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Publication Date: 2015-01-14 PubMed ID: 25586234PubMed Central: PMC4858095DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12519Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

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This research article reports on a study conducted to understand the prevalence and epidemiology of equine influenza virus (EIV) in the United States between 2010 and 2013. The study found that EIV is a prevalent respiratory virus in horses, mules, and donkeys, with older and previously vaccinated horses being susceptible.

Study Methodology

  • The study was carried out using 2,605 equids which includes horses, mules and donkeys.
  • Nasal secretions from the test cases showing acute signs of respiratory disease were tested for the presence of EIV using a method known as quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR).
  • The researchers employed multilevel logistic regression models to figure out the link between EIV status and its prevalence factors.
  • The observations from EIV-positive equids during the study period were compared with data collected from a previous study that took place from March 2008 to February 2010 to track changes in disease trends.

Study Findings

  • Out of the total index cases tested, 9.7% were qPCR positive for EIV, indicating the virus’s prevalence.
  • The data revealed an unexpectedly high proportion of EIV qPCR-positive cases within the age groups of 1-5, 6-10, and 11-15 years when compared to the group of equids less than a year old.
  • The symptoms directly associated with EIV-positive equids included fever, nasal discharge, and coughing.
  • Notably, it was found that EIV qPCR-positive cases in the study were significantly older and more frequently vaccinated against EIV as compared to the EIV qPCR-positive cases from the earlier study conducted in 2008-2010.

Conclusions

  • This study not only provides valuable information on the EIV detection rate in the United States using the qPCR method, but it also emphasizes that older and previously vaccinated horses can be susceptible to EIV.
  • The findings underscore the need for continuous surveillance and potential revisions in vaccination methodologies to protect equids more effectively.

Cite This Article

APA
Pusterla N, Kass PH, Mapes S, Wademan C, Akana N, Barnett C, MacKenzie C, Vaala W. (2015). Voluntary surveillance program for equine influenza virus in the United States from 2010 to 2013. J Vet Intern Med, 29(1), 417-422. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.12519

Publication

Journal of veterinary internal medicine
ISSN: 1939-1676
NlmUniqueID: 8708660
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 29
Issue: 1
Pages: 417-422

Researcher Affiliations

Pusterla, N
  • Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.
Kass, P H
    Mapes, S
      Wademan, C
        Akana, N
          Barnett, C
            MacKenzie, C
              Vaala, W

                MeSH Terms

                • Animals
                • Data Collection
                • Female
                • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
                • Horse Diseases / virology
                • Horses
                • Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype / isolation & purification
                • Influenza A Virus, H7N7 Subtype / isolation & purification
                • Male
                • Multivariate Analysis
                • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / epidemiology
                • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / veterinary
                • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / virology
                • Population Surveillance
                • Surveys and Questionnaires
                • United States / epidemiology

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                Citations

                This article has been cited 7 times.
                1. Chappell DE, Barnett DC, James K, Craig B, Bain F, Gaughan E, Schneider C, Vaala W, Barnum SM, Pusterla N. Voluntary Surveillance Program for Equine Influenza Virus in the United States during 2008-2021. Pathogens 2023 Jan 27;12(2).
                  doi: 10.3390/pathogens12020192pubmed: 36839464google scholar: lookup
                2. Gonzalez-Obando J, Forero JE, Zuluaga-Cabrera AM, Ruiz-Saenz J. Equine Influenza Virus: An Old Known Enemy in the Americas. Vaccines (Basel) 2022 Oct 14;10(10).
                  doi: 10.3390/vaccines10101718pubmed: 36298583google scholar: lookup
                3. Sreenivasan CC, Jandhyala SS, Luo S, Hause BM, Thomas M, Knudsen DEB, Leslie-Steen P, Clement T, Reedy SE, Chambers TM, Christopher-Hennings J, Nelson E, Wang D, Kaushik RS, Li F. Phylogenetic Analysis and Characterization of a Sporadic Isolate of Equine Influenza A H3N8 from an Unvaccinated Horse in 2015. Viruses 2018 Jan 11;10(1).
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                4. van Maanen K, van den Wollenberg L, de Haan T, Frippiat T. Epidemiology of Infectious Pathogens in Horses with Acute Respiratory Disease, Abortion, and Neurological Signs: Insights Gained from the Veterinary Surveillance System for Horses in The Netherlands (SEIN). Vet Sci 2025 Jun 10;12(6).
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