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Equine veterinary journal2026; doi: 10.1002/evj.70334

Warmed intravenous fluid administration attenuated a reduction in body temperature in anaesthetised horses.

Abstract: Peri-anaesthetic hypothermia is a well-documented complication of general anaesthesia and is associated with prolonged recovery, impaired wound healing, and delayed coagulation. Fluid warmers can be used to mitigate heat loss, but there is little evidence supporting their effectiveness in equine anaesthesia. Objective: To determine whether administration of warmed intravenous fluids attenuates heat loss during general anaesthesia in horses. Methods: Prospective, randomised, crossover in vivo experiment. Methods: Six healthy adult horses were anaesthetised twice and administered intravenous fluids with the HOTLINE® Blood and Fluid Warmer either activated or inactivated. Body temperature was recorded at four anatomic sites (rectum, nasopharynx, pulmonary artery, and urinary bladder), and fluid temperature was measured in the fluid bag, proximal to the warmer, and distal to the warmer. Linear mixed-effects models evaluated the effects of warmer status, time, measurement site, and ambient temperature, including relevant interactions, with random intercepts for horse. Results: Overall body temperature differed statistically but not clinically meaningfully between warmer conditions; however, warmed fluid administration significantly reduced the rate of temperature decline (time × warmer interaction, β = 0.0038°C/min, SE = 0.001, p < 0.0001). Fluid temperature distal to the warmer increased substantially with warmer activation (warmer × distal interaction, β = 6.86°C, SE = 0.17, p < 0.0001). Ambient temperature strongly influenced body temperature (χ = 437.83, p < 0.001) and fluid temperature (χ = 634.2, p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Small sample size; environmental variability; no surgical procedure. Conclusions: Although warmed intravenous fluids did not increase body temperature, they attenuated intra-anaesthetic heat loss. The HOTLINE® Blood and Fluid Warmer increased delivered fluid temperature and provided a modest but measurable protective effect against hypothermia. These findings are the first to demonstrate that warmed fluid administration can slow heat loss in horses under general anaesthesia.
© 2026 The Author(s). Equine Veterinary Journal published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of EVJ Ltd.
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Publication Date: 2026-09-18 PubMed ID: 42757548DOI: 10.1002/evj.70334Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Overview

  • This study investigated whether warming intravenous fluids reduces the drop in body temperature experienced by horses during general anesthesia.
  • The researchers found that while warmed fluids did not increase body temperature, they slowed the rate of temperature decline, helping to protect against hypothermia.

Background

  • Peri-anaesthetic hypothermia (a drop in body temperature around the time of anesthesia) is a common problem during general anesthesia in horses.
  • Hypothermia can cause complications including:
    • Prolonged recovery from anesthesia
    • Poor wound healing
    • Delayed blood clotting
  • One approach to reduce heat loss is to use fluid warmers during intravenous fluid administration.
  • However, before this study, there was limited evidence on whether warmed intravenous fluids effectively reduce hypothermia in horses.

Objective

  • To determine if administering warmed intravenous fluids during anesthesia decreases body heat loss in horses.

Methods

  • Design:
    • Prospective, randomized, crossover in vivo experiment
    • Each horse was anesthetized twice — once with fluid warmer activated, once without
  • Subjects: Six healthy adult horses
  • Intervention: Intravenous fluids administered with or without the HOTLINE® Blood and Fluid Warmer
  • Measurements:
    • Body temperature recorded at four anatomical sites:
      • Rectum
      • Nasopharynx
      • Pulmonary artery
      • Urinary bladder
    • Fluid temperatures measured at three points:
      • In fluid bag
      • Proximal (before) to the warmer
      • Distal (after) to the warmer
  • Statistical analysis: Linear mixed-effects models evaluated effects of warmer use, time, measurement site, and ambient temperature.

Results

  • Body Temperature:
    • Overall body temperature was statistically different between warmer and non-warmer conditions but the difference was not clinically significant.
    • The rate of temperature decline during anesthesia was significantly slower when warmed fluids were used (β = 0.0038°C/min, p < 0.0001).
  • Fluid Temperature:
    • Temperature of fluids distal to the warmer increased significantly with activation of the warmer (an increase of approximately 6.86°C, p < 0.0001).
  • Ambient temperature strongly influenced both body temperature and fluid temperature.

Conclusions

  • Using warmed intravenous fluids during anesthesia did not raise horses’ body temperature, but it did reduce the speed at which body temperature dropped.
  • The HOTLINE® Blood and Fluid Warmer effectively increased the temperature of the fluids being delivered.
  • This slowed heat loss provides a modest but measurable protective effect against peri-anaesthetic hypothermia in horses.
  • This research is novel in demonstrating this protective effect in equine anesthesia.
  • Limitations noted include:
    • Small number of horses (n=6)
    • Variability in environmental conditions (ambient temperature)
    • No surgical procedures were performed, which could affect heat loss differently

Implications

  • Clinicians managing anesthesia in horses can consider using warmed intravenous fluids as part of strategies to reduce hypothermia during procedures.
  • Although warmed fluids alone do not increase body temperature, they help maintain it longer by slowing temperature decline.
  • Additional methods may be needed for more robust temperature management during anesthesia.

Cite This Article

APA
Starr MP, Frampton A, Mika A, Hopster K, Douglas H. (2026). Warmed intravenous fluid administration attenuated a reduction in body temperature in anaesthetised horses. Equine Vet J. https://doi.org/10.1002/evj.70334

Publication

Equine veterinary journal
ISSN: 2042-3306
NlmUniqueID: 0173320
Country: United States
Language: English

Researcher Affiliations

Starr, Miranda P
  • Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA.
Frampton, Alycia
  • Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA.
Mika, Allison
  • Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA.
Hopster, Klaus
  • Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA.
Douglas, Hope
  • Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA.

Grant Funding

  • 580-5805-2-015801-xxxx-2000-5906 / Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center

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