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Home / Equine Research Bank / Microorganisms / West Nile Virus: An Update Focusing on Southern Europe.
Microorganisms2024; 12(12); 2623; doi: 10.3390/microorganisms12122623

West Nile Virus: An Update Focusing on Southern Europe.

Abstract: West Nile Virus (WNV) is a zoonotic, vector-borne pathogen affecting humans and animals, particularly in Europe. The virus is primarily transmitted through mosquitoes that infect birds, which serve as the main reservoirs. Humans and horses are incidental hosts. This review focuses on the epidemiology of WNV in southern Europe, particularly its increasing prevalence. Methods included an extensive literature review and analysis of recent outbreaks. WNV is largely asymptomatic in humans, but a small percentage can develop West Nile neuroinvasive disease (WNND), leading to severe neurological symptoms and fatalities. Horses can also suffer from neurological complications, with high mortality rates. Climate change, migratory birds, and mosquito population dynamics contribute to the virus spread across Europe. Control efforts focus on vector management, and while vaccines are available for horses, none has been approved for humans. Surveillance, particularly of bird and mosquito populations, and further research into the virus molecular structure are crucial for understanding and mitigating future outbreaks.
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Publication Date: 2024-12-18 PubMed ID: 39770826PubMed Central: PMC11677777DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12122623Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article discusses the increasing prevalence and spread of the West Nile Virus (WNV) in southern Europe. The article reviews the virus’s epidemiology, its transmission, symptoms, impact on humans and horses, and factors influencing its spread. It emphasizes the importance of vector control, surveillance, and research for mitigating future outbreaks.

Epidemiology and Spread of WNV in Southern Europe

  • The article provides an overview of WNV’s epidemiology in southern Europe by analyzing the literature and studying recent outbreaks. The research reveals an increasing prevalence of the virus across the region.
  • Factors contributing to this spread include climate change enhancing mosquito population dynamics and migratory birds spreading the virus across Europe.

Transmission and Impact

  • WNV is a zoonotic, vector-borne pathogen primarily transmitted through mosquito bites. Birds serve as the main reservoirs of the virus.
  • Humans and horses are incidental hosts who get infected through mosquito bites.
  • While largely asymptomatic in humans, a small percentage of those infected may develop West Nile neuroinvasive disease (WNND), leading to severe neurological symptoms and even death.
  • Similarly, horses infected with WNV can suffer from severe neurological complications, leading to high mortality rates.

Control Efforts and Research

  • Efforts to control WNV are centered on managing its vectors—mosquitoes. This includes measures aimed at reducing mosquito populations and blocking their access to susceptible hosts.
  • Vaccines are available for horses to mitigate the impact of WNV but there are none approved for humans yet.
  • Active surveillance, particularly of bird and mosquito populations, is highlighted as crucial to understanding the prevalence and spread of WNV. Tracking these populations and their virus rates help provide a warning system for potential outbreaks in humans and horses.
  • The article underscores the importance of further research into the virus’s molecular structure. Such research can be vital for developing targeted treatments and broadening our understanding of the disease, thus contributing to future outbreak mitigation.

Cite This Article

APA
Carrasco L, Utrilla MJ, Fuentes-Romero B, Fernandez-Novo A, Martin-Maldonado B. (2024). West Nile Virus: An Update Focusing on Southern Europe. Microorganisms, 12(12), 2623. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12122623

Publication

Microorganisms
ISSN: 2076-2607
NlmUniqueID: 101625893
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 12
Issue: 12
PII: 2623

Researcher Affiliations

Carrasco, Lara
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine, Biomedical and Health Sciences School, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain.
Utrilla, Maria Jose
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine, Biomedical and Health Sciences School, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain.
Fuentes-Romero, Beatriz
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine, Biomedical and Health Sciences School, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain.
  • Veterinary Hospital, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain.
Fernandez-Novo, Aitor
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine, Biomedical and Health Sciences School, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain.
Martin-Maldonado, Barbara
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine, Biomedical and Health Sciences School, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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