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Viruses2020; 12(5); 493; doi: 10.3390/v12050493

West Nile Virus Mosquito Vectors (Diptera: Culicidae) in Germany.

Abstract: In 2018, West Nile virus (WNV) broke out for the first time in Germany, with continuation of the epidemic in 2019, involving birds, horses and humans. To identify vectors and characterize the virus, mosquitoes were collected in both years in zoological gardens and on a horse meadow immediately following the diagnosis of disease cases in birds and horses. Mosquitoes were identified and screened for WNV by qRT-PCR, with virus-positive samples being sequenced for the viral envelope protein gene. While no positive mosquitoes were found in 2018, seven mosquito pools tested positive for WNV in 2019 in the Tierpark (Wildlife Park) Berlin. The pools consisted of biotype ( = 5), and a mixture of biotype and biotype ( = 2), or hybrids of these, and were collected between 13 August and 24 September 2019. The virus strain turned out to be nearly identical to two WNV strains isolated from birds diseased in 2018 in eastern Germany. The findings represent the first demonstration of WNV in mosquitoes in Germany and include the possibility of local overwintering of the virus.
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Publication Date: 2020-04-28 PubMed ID: 32354202PubMed Central: PMC7290393DOI: 10.3390/v12050493Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research discusses the outbreak of West Nile Virus (WNV) in Germany in 2018 and 2019, highlighting how mosquitoes — primarily found in zoological gardens and on horse meadows — were identified as carriers. The research also provides insights into how the virus strain is closely related to those isolated from infected birds in 2018.

Outbreak of West Nile Virus and Virus Identification

  • Germany witnessed its first West Nile Virus (WNV) outbreak in 2018, which then continued through 2019. The outbreak affected birds, horses, and humans alike. The virus is zoonotic, which means that it can be transferred from animals to humans.
  • As part of the research, mosquitoes were collected at affected sites, like zoological gardens and horse meadows, to establish them as vectors after diagnoses were confirmed in birds and horses.
  • The collected mosquitoes were analysed using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), a method to detect virus presence.
  • Although the mosquitoes collected in 2018 didn’t test positive for WNV, seven mosquito groups collected in 2019 at Tierpark Berlin were confirmed as carriers of the virus.

Genetic Analysis and Virus Overwintering

  • The tested mosquitoes belonged to three separate groups. Some were observed being a mix of two biotypes or hybrids of these groups.
  • The researchers sequenced the viral envelope protein gene, a genetic component of the virus found in positive samples.
  • The WNV strain identified from these mosquitoes appeared almost identical genetically to two separate strains previously isolated from birds in 2018 in Eastern Germany.
  • This important discovery shows that the virus had the ability to overwinter, persisting in local mosquito populations across different years. The findings also imply that the disease can disperse locally, setting alleys for residual transmission in the following years.

Implication of the Findings

  • This research represents the first identification and confirmation of West Nile Virus within mosquitoes in Germany.
  • The ability of the virus to overwinter suggests the potential for future outbreaks. Hence, the study underscores the need for careful monitoring to prevent further spread of West Nile Virus, given a possibility of local virus transmission or recrudescence in subsequent years.

Cite This Article

APA
Kampen H, Holicki CM, Ziegler U, Groschup MH, Tews BA, Werner D. (2020). West Nile Virus Mosquito Vectors (Diptera: Culicidae) in Germany. Viruses, 12(5), 493. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12050493

Publication

Viruses
ISSN: 1999-4915
NlmUniqueID: 101509722
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 12
Issue: 5
PII: 493

Researcher Affiliations

Kampen, Helge
  • Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Infectology, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
Holicki, Cora M
  • Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
Ziegler, Ute
  • Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
Groschup, Martin H
  • Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
Tews, Birke Andrea
  • Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Infectology, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
Werner, Doreen
  • Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, 15374 Muencheberg, Germany.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Bird Diseases / virology
  • Birds / virology
  • Culicidae / physiology
  • Culicidae / virology
  • Germany
  • Horse Diseases / transmission
  • Horse Diseases / virology
  • Horses
  • Mosquito Vectors / physiology
  • Mosquito Vectors / virology
  • West Nile Fever / transmission
  • West Nile Fever / veterinary
  • West Nile Fever / virology
  • West Nile virus / genetics
  • West Nile virus / physiology

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Citations

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