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West Nile virus-specific immunoglobulin isotype responses in vaccinated and infected horses.
Abstract: To compare antibody responses of horses naturally infected with West Nile virus (WNV) and those vaccinated against WNV, to identify whether vaccination interferes with the ability to diagnose WNV infection, and to determine the duration of antibody responses after vaccination. Methods: Sera from horses naturally infected with WNV (n = 10) and adult WNV-naïve horses before and after vaccination with a live canarypox virus-vectored vaccine (7) or a killed virus vaccine (8). Methods: An established WNV IgM capture ELISA was used to measure IgM responses. Newly developed capture ELISAs were used to measure responses of 8 other WNV-specific immunoglobulin isotypes. A serum neutralization assay was used to determine anti-WNV antibody titers. Results: WNV-specific IgM responses were typically detected in the sera of WNV-infected horses but not in sera of horses vaccinated against WNV. Natural infection with and vaccination against WNV induced an immunoglobulin response that was primarily composed of IgG1. West Nile virus-specific IgG1 was detected in the sera of most horses 14 days after vaccination. Serum anti-WNV IgG1 and neutralizing antibody responses induced by the killed-virus vaccines were higher and lasted longer than did those induced by the live canarypox virus-vectored vaccine. Conclusions: On the basis of these findings, we recommend that horses be vaccinated against WNV annually near the beginning of mosquito season, that both IgM and IgG1 responses against WNV be measured to distinguish between natural infection and vaccination, and that a WNV IgG1 ELISA be used to monitor anti-WNV antibodies titers in vaccinated horses.
Publication Date: 2014-12-24 PubMed ID: 25535666DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.76.1.92Google Scholar: Lookup The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
- Journal Article
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
- Antibodies
- Diagnosis
- Disease Diagnosis
- Disease Treatment
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
- Epidemiology
- Equine Health
- Horses
- Immunization
- Immunoglobulin G
- Immunoglobulin M
- Immunology
- Infectious Disease
- Mosquito-borne Diseases
- Prophylaxis
- Serum
- Vaccine
- Vaccine development
- Veterinary Medicine
- Virus
- West Nile Virus
Summary
This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.
The study looks at the antibody responses of horses that have been naturally infected with the West Nile virus (WNV) alongside horses that have been vaccinated against it. The goal was to determine whether vaccination affects the diagnosis of WNV infection and to understand the longevity of antibody responses after vaccination.
Research Methodology
- The study involved horses that had been naturally infected with WNV and adult WNV-naïve horses before and after vaccination with two types of vaccines – a live canarypox virus-vectored vaccine and a killed virus vaccine.
- To measure the IgM responses, an established WNV IgM capture ELISA was used. Other newly developed capture ELISAs were used to measure the responses of eight other WNV-specific immunoglobulin isotypes.
- To determine anti-WNV antibody titers, a serum neutralization assay was used.
Research Findings
- It was found that WNV-specific IgM responses were generally detected in the sera of WNV-infected horses but not in the serum of horses vaccinated against WNV.
- Natural infection with and vaccination against WNV induced an immunoglobulin response that was primarily made up of IgG1.
- The presence of WNV-specific IgG1 was noticed in the serum of majority of horses 14 days post vaccination.
- It was found that serum anti-WNV IgG1 and neutralizing antibody responses induced by the killed-virus vaccines were higher and lasted longer as compared to those induced by the live canarypox virus-vectored vaccine.
Conclusions and Recommendations
- Based on these findings, it was recommended that horses be vaccinated against WNV annually near the beginning of mosquito season.
- It was also suggested that both the IgM and IgG1responses against WNV should be measured to differentiate between natural infection and vaccination.
- For the monitoring of anti-WNV antibodies in vaccinated horses, the use of a WNV IgG1 ELISA was recommended.
Cite This Article
APA
Khatibzadeh SM, Gold CB, Keggan AE, Perkins GA, Glaser AL, Dubovi EJ, Wagner B.
(2014).
West Nile virus-specific immunoglobulin isotype responses in vaccinated and infected horses.
Am J Vet Res, 76(1), 92-100.
https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.76.1.92 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral / blood
- Antibody Formation
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / veterinary
- Female
- Horse Diseases / immunology
- Horses / immunology
- Immunoglobulin G / blood
- Male
- Vaccination / veterinary
- Viral Vaccines / administration & dosage
- West Nile Fever / immunology
- West Nile Fever / prevention & control
- West Nile Fever / veterinary
- West Nile virus / immunology
Citations
This article has been cited 15 times.- Cavalleri JV, Korbacska-Kutasi O, Leblond A, Paillot R, Pusterla N, Steinmann E, Tomlinson J. European College of Equine Internal Medicine consensus statement on equine flaviviridae infections in Europe. J Vet Intern Med 2022 Nov;36(6):1858-1871.
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- Desanti-Consoli H, Bouillon J, Chapuis RJJ. Equids' Core Vaccines Guidelines in North America: Considerations and Prospective. Vaccines (Basel) 2022 Mar 4;10(3).
- Hales EN, Aleman M, Marquardt SA, Katzman SA, Woolard KD, Miller AD, Finno CJ. Postmortem diagnoses of spinal ataxia in 316 horses in California. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021 Jun 15;258(12):1386-1393.
- Goodrich EL, McLean A, Guarino C. A Pilot Serosurvey for Selected Pathogens in Feral Donkeys (Equus asinus). Animals (Basel) 2020 Oct 2;10(10).
- Kobayashi S, Kaneko C, Kawakami R, Hasebe R, Sawa H, Yoshii K, Kariwa H. Amino acid 159 of the envelope protein affects viral replication and T-cell infiltration by West Nile virus in intracranial infection. Sci Rep 2020 Apr 28;10(1):7168.
- Paré J, Moore A. West Nile virus in horses - What do you need to know to diagnose the disease?. Can Vet J 2018 Oct;59(10):1119-1120.
- Beck C, Lowenski S, Durand B, Bahuon C, Zientara S, Lecollinet S. Improved reliability of serological tools for the diagnosis of West Nile fever in horses within Europe. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017 Sep;11(9):e0005936.
- Carossino M, Wagner B, Loynachan AT, Cook RF, Canisso IF, Chelvarajan L, Edwards CL, Nam B, Timoney JF, Timoney PJ, Balasuriya UBR. Equine Arteritis Virus Elicits a Mucosal Antibody Response in the Reproductive Tract of Persistently Infected Stallions. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2017 Oct;24(10).
- Durand B, Haskouri H, Lowenski S, Vachiery N, Beck C, Lecollinet S. Seroprevalence of West Nile and Usutu viruses in military working horses and dogs, Morocco, 2012: dog as an alternative WNV sentinel species?. Epidemiol Infect 2016 Jul;144(9):1857-64.
- Chevalier N, Migné CV, Mariteragi-Helle T, Dumarest M, De Mas M, Chevrier M, Queré E, Marcillaud-Pitel C, Lupo C, Bigeard C, Touzet T, Leblond A, Durand B, Depecker M, Gonzalez G. Seroprevalence of West Nile, Usutu and tick-borne encephalitis viruses in equids from south-western France in 2023. Vet Res 2025 Apr 24;56(1):91.
- Bruno L, Nappo MA, Frontoso R, Perrotta MG, Di Lecce R, Guarnieri C, Ferrari L, Corradi A. West Nile Virus (WNV): One-Health and Eco-Health Global Risks. Vet Sci 2025 Mar 19;12(3).
- Naveed A, Eertink LG, Wang D, Li F. Lessons Learned from West Nile Virus Infection:Vaccinations in Equines and Their Implications for One Health Approaches. Viruses 2024 May 14;16(5).
- Willis AT, Dahlgren AR, Woolard KD, Ghosh S, Donnelly CG, de la Concha-Bermejillo A, Pacheco A, Watson KD, Berryhill E, Aleman M, Wensley F, Humphreys S, Whitehead AE, Goldsmith D, Chesen B, Ragsdale J, Tompkins JE, Nash R, Plunkett AH, Qualls HJ, Rodriguez K, Hochanadel D, Miller AD, Finno CJ. Clinicopathological and pedigree investigation of a novel spinocerebellar neurological disease in juvenile Quarter Horses in North America. J Vet Intern Med 2024 May-Jun;38(3):1808-1814.
- Schwarz ER, Long MT. Comparison of West Nile Virus Disease in Humans and Horses: Exploiting Similarities for Enhancing Syndromic Surveillance. Viruses 2023 May 24;15(6).
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