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One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands)2025; 21; 101150; doi: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2025.101150

West Nile virus transmission in the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona (Spain): A One-Health surveillance approach.

Abstract: West Nile virus (WNV), mainly transmitted by mosquitoes, poses significant health risks to humans and horses, particularly in endemic regions. The first detection of WNV lineage 2 in Spain was in 2017 in Catalonia (northeastern Spain). In 2023, WNV was confirmed in a young yellow-legged gull and a probable human case was notified within the urban settings. We aimed to define the zone of WNV circulation in the Barcelona Metropolitan Area where these infections occurred and the effectiveness of the One Health approach for early WNV detection. The Catalan WNV surveillance and control programs includes the testing of horses, birds, mosquitoes and humans following molecular and serological methods. Phylogenetic analyses were performed to determine the origin of the circulating virus. IgM-positive data from both active and passive surveillance in horses identified the area of WNV circulation and suggested that WNV circulation happened either before or concurrently with human and bird infections in the agricultural and peri-urban areas. Furthermore, a new WNV introduction was discarded by phylogenetic studies, demonstrating that WNV lineage 2 has been established in Catalonia, albeit at a low level of circulation since the virus was not detected in blood donors. Our findings underscore the importance of integrating active and passive surveillance strategies to early assess WNV circulation and activate public health responses. The study highlights the role of wildlife in the WNV transmission and emphasizes the need for ongoing monitoring in animals and also mosquito control measures to mitigate the risk of animal and human infections.
© 2025 The Authors.
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Publication Date: 2025-07-21 PubMed ID: 40746420PubMed Central: PMC12311551DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2025.101150Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article discusses the transmission of West Nile virus in the Metropolitan area of Barcelona, Spain and emphasizes on the importance of One Health surveillance approach for early detection of the virus. The aim of the study was to identify the areas of virus circulation and assess the effectiveness of this surveillance approach.

Method of Research

  • The research was conducted using the Catalan West Nile Virus surveillance and control programs which involves testing of horses, birds, mosquitoes and humans using molecular and serological methods.
  • The virus circulation was identified by studying the IgM positive data from active and passive surveillance in horses.
  • A phylogenetic analysis was also performed to determine the origin of the circulating virus.

Highlights of the Findings

  • The study found that the West Nile Virus had been circulating in the area either before or concurrently with human and bird infections, particularly in agricultural and peri-urban areas.
  • The IgM-positive data from horses indicated where the virus had been circulating.
  • Through phylogenetic studies, the researchers deduced that a new introduction of the virus was unlikely and that the West Nile Virus lineage 2 had been firmly established in Catalonia, although at a low level of circulation.
  • The study did not detect the virus in blood donors suggesting lower level of circulation of the virus.

Implications of the Study

  • The study emphasizes the importance of integrated active and passive surveillance strategies for early detection and activation of public health responses to the virus.
  • It underscores the role of wildlife in the transmission of the West Nile Virus and points out the need for consistent monitoring of animals.
  • The findings of the study also suggest the need for implementing mosquito control measures to reduce the risk of infections in animals and humans.

Cite This Article

APA
Busquets N, Gardela J, José-Cunilleras E, Solé A, Salvador MJ, Obón E, Molina-López R, Aranda C, Montalvo T, Corbella I, Bou-Monclús MA, Martínez MJ, Vázquez A, Piron M, Sauleda S, Pailler-García L, Napp S. (2025). West Nile virus transmission in the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona (Spain): A One-Health surveillance approach. One Health, 21, 101150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.onehlt.2025.101150

Publication

One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands)
ISSN: 2352-7714
NlmUniqueID: 101660501
Country: Netherlands
Language: English
Volume: 21
Pages: 101150
PII: 101150

Researcher Affiliations

Busquets, Núria
  • IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain.
  • Unitat mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain.
Gardela, Jaume
  • IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain.
  • Unitat mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain.
José-Cunilleras, Eduard
  • Servei de Medicina Interna Equina, Unitat Equina, Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Barcelona, Spain.
  • Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
Solé, Alba
  • Departament d'Agricultura, Ramaderia, Pesca i Alimentació Generalitat de Catalunya, Servei de Prevenció en Salut Animal, 08007 Barcelona, Spain.
Salvador, Maria José
  • Departament d'Agricultura, Ramaderia, Pesca i Alimentació Generalitat de Catalunya, Servei de Prevenció en Salut Animal, 08007 Barcelona, Spain.
Obón, Elena
  • Centre de Fauna de Torreferrussa, Àrea de Gestió Ambiental Servei de Fauna i Flora, Forestal Catalana, Santa Perpètua de Mogoda, 08130, Spain.
Molina-López, Rafael
  • Centre de Fauna de Torreferrussa, Àrea de Gestió Ambiental Servei de Fauna i Flora, Forestal Catalana, Santa Perpètua de Mogoda, 08130, Spain.
Aranda, Carles
  • IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain.
  • Servei de Control de Mosquits del Consell Comarcal del Baix Llobregat, El Prat del Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain.
Montalvo, Tomás
  • Servei de Vigilància i Control de Plagues Urbanes, Agencia de Salud Pública de Barcelona, 08023 Barcelona, Spain.
  • Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
Corbella, Irene
  • Secretaria de Salut Pública, Departament de Salut, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.
Bou-Monclús, Maria Assumpció
  • Secretaria de Salut Pública, Departament de Salut, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.
Martínez, Miguel Julián
  • Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain.
  • Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
  • Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
Vázquez, Ana
  • Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
  • Arboviruses and Imported Viral Diseases Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
Piron, Maria
  • Transfusion Safety Laboratory, Blood and Tissue Bank of Catalonia, Servei Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain.
  • Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREhd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
  • Transfusional Medicine Group, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain.
Sauleda, Sílvia
  • Transfusion Safety Laboratory, Blood and Tissue Bank of Catalonia, Servei Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain.
  • Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREhd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
  • Transfusional Medicine Group, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain.
Pailler-García, Lola
  • IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain.
  • Unitat mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain.
Napp, Sebastián
  • IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain.
  • Unitat mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors report there are no competing interests to declare.

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