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West Nile virus vaccines.
Abstract: West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that is emerging as a global pathogen. In the last decade, virulent strains of the virus have been associated with significant outbreaks of human and animal disease in Europe, the Middle East and North America. Efforts to develop human and veterinary vaccines have taken both traditional and novel approaches. A formalin-inactivated whole virus vaccine has been approved for use in horses. DNA vaccines coding for the structural WNV proteins have also been assessed for veterinary use and have been found to be protective in mice, horses and birds. Live attenuated yellow fever WNV chimeric vaccines have also been successful in animals and are currently undergoing human trials. Additional studies have shown that immunisation with a relatively benign Australian variant of WNV, the Kunjin virus, also provides protective immunity against the virulent North American strain. Levels of efficacy and safety, as well as logistical, economic and environmental issues, must all be carefully considered before vaccine candidates are approved and selected for large-scale manufacture and distribution.
Publication Date: 2004-07-23 PubMed ID: 15268663DOI: 10.1517/14712598.4.8.1295Google Scholar: Lookup The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
- Journal Article
Summary
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The research article focuses on the development of vaccines for West Nile virus (WNV), a mosquito-borne virus that has been associated with significant outbreaks of human and animal disease across multiple locations globally. Both traditional and novel approach have been used in the development of this vaccine.
West Nile Virus
- West Nile Virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus. This implies that it is transmitted to humans and animals through the bite of an infected mosquito.
- The virus has gained global attention as it is emerging as a global pathogen. Recent years have seen virulent strains of the virus causing significant outbreaks of disease in humans and animals across Europe, the Middle East, and North America.
Vaccine Development
- A major part of the article discusses the efforts to develop vaccines for both human and veterinary use.
- An approval has been granted for the use of a formalin-inactivated whole virus vaccine in horses, a key host species for WNV.
- The paper also discusses the use of DNA vaccines, specifically those that code for the structural WNV proteins. These have been tested and found to offer protection in mice, horses, and birds.
Use of Live Attenuated Yellow Fever-Centric WNV Vaccines
- In addition to traditional vaccines, the article mentions the use of live attenuated yellow fever WNV chimeric vaccines.
- These vaccines have shown success in animal models and are currently being tested in human trials.
Australian WNV Variant – The Kunjin Virus
- Interestingly, the research also discusses that immunisation with a relatively benign Australian WNV variant, known as the Kunjin virus, can provide protective immunity against the virulent North American strain of WNV.
Consideration Factors for Vaccine Development
- Before approving and selecting vaccine candidates for mass manufacture and distribution, various factors including efficacy, safety, logistics, economic aspects, and environmental impact must be thoroughly assessed.
Cite This Article
APA
Hall RA, Khromykh AA.
(2004).
West Nile virus vaccines.
Expert Opin Biol Ther, 4(8), 1295-1305.
https://doi.org/10.1517/14712598.4.8.1295 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia. roy.hall@mailbox.uq.edu.au
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Bird Diseases / prevention & control
- Bird Diseases / virology
- Birds
- Cricetinae
- Cross Reactions
- Culicidae / virology
- Disease Outbreaks / prevention & control
- Female
- Flaviviridae / genetics
- Flaviviridae / immunology
- Haplorhini
- Horse Diseases / prevention & control
- Horse Diseases / virology
- Horses
- Humans
- Insect Bites and Stings / complications
- Insect Vectors / virology
- Male
- Mice
- Monkey Diseases / prevention & control
- Monkey Diseases / virology
- Vaccination / veterinary
- Vaccines, Attenuated / immunology
- Vaccines, DNA / therapeutic use
- Vaccines, Inactivated / immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic / immunology
- Viral Vaccines / immunology
- Virus Replication
- West Nile Fever / prevention & control
- West Nile Fever / transmission
- West Nile Fever / veterinary
- West Nile Fever / virology
- West Nile virus / immunology
- West Nile virus / physiology
- Yellow Fever Vaccine / immunology
Citations
This article has been cited 18 times.- Fomsgaard A, Liu MA. The Key Role of Nucleic Acid Vaccines for One Health. Viruses 2021 Feb 8;13(2).
- Rekoske BT, Smith HA, Olson BM, Maricque BB, McNeel DG. PD-1 or PD-L1 Blockade Restores Antitumor Efficacy Following SSX2 Epitope-Modified DNA Vaccine Immunization. Cancer Immunol Res 2015 Aug;3(8):946-55.
- Slonchak A, Hussain M, Torres S, Asgari S, Khromykh AA. Expression of mosquito microRNA Aae-miR-2940-5p is downregulated in response to West Nile virus infection to restrict viral replication. J Virol 2014 Aug;88(15):8457-67.
- Smith HA, Rekoske BT, McNeel DG. DNA vaccines encoding altered peptide ligands for SSX2 enhance epitope-specific CD8+ T-cell immune responses. Vaccine 2014 Mar 26;32(15):1707-15.
- Colluru VT, Johnson LE, Olson BM, McNeel DG. Preclinical and clinical development of DNA vaccines for prostate cancer. Urol Oncol 2016 Apr;34(4):193-204.
- Iyer AV, Kousoulas KG. A review of vaccine approaches for West Nile virus. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2013 Sep 10;10(9):4200-23.
- Pinto AK, Richner JM, Poore EA, Patil PP, Amanna IJ, Slifka MK, Diamond MS. A hydrogen peroxide-inactivated virus vaccine elicits humoral and cellular immunity and protects against lethal West Nile virus infection in aged mice. J Virol 2013 Feb;87(4):1926-36.
- Dunn MD, Rossi SL, Carter DM, Vogt MR, Mehlhop E, Diamond MS, Ross TM. Enhancement of anti-DIII antibodies by the C3d derivative P28 results in lower viral titers and augments protection in mice. Virol J 2010 May 12;7:95.
- Shrestha B, Zhang B, Purtha WE, Klein RS, Diamond MS. Tumor necrosis factor alpha protects against lethal West Nile virus infection by promoting trafficking of mononuclear leukocytes into the central nervous system. J Virol 2008 Sep;82(18):8956-64.
- Dhama K, Mahendran M, Gupta PK, Rai A. DNA vaccines and their applications in veterinary practice: current perspectives. Vet Res Commun 2008 Jun;32(5):341-56.
- Zhu D, Williams JN, Rice J, Stevenson FK, Heckels JE, Christodoulides M. A DNA fusion vaccine induces bactericidal antibodies to a peptide epitope from the PorA porin of Neisseria meningitidis. Infect Immun 2008 Jan;76(1):334-8.
- van Marle G, Antony J, Ostermann H, Dunham C, Hunt T, Halliday W, Maingat F, Urbanowski MD, Hobman T, Peeling J, Power C. West Nile virus-induced neuroinflammation: glial infection and capsid protein-mediated neurovirulence. J Virol 2007 Oct;81(20):10933-49.
- Schepp-Berglind J, Luo M, Wang D, Wicker JA, Raja NU, Hoel BD, Holman DH, Barrett AD, Dong JY. Complex adenovirus-mediated expression of West Nile virus C, PreM, E, and NS1 proteins induces both humoral and cellular immune responses. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2007 Sep;14(9):1117-26.
- Zohrabian A, Hayes EB, Petersen LR. Cost-effectiveness of West Nile virus vaccination. Emerg Infect Dis 2006 Mar;12(3):375-80.
- Drebot MA, Artsob H. West Nile virus. Update for family physicians. Can Fam Physician 2005 Aug;51(8):1094-9.
- Hayes EB, Sejvar JJ, Zaki SR, Lanciotti RS, Bode AV, Campbell GL. Virology, pathology, and clinical manifestations of West Nile virus disease. Emerg Infect Dis 2005 Aug;11(8):1174-9.
- Fauci AS, Touchette NA, Folkers GK. Emerging infectious diseases: a 10-year perspective from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Emerg Infect Dis 2005 Apr;11(4):519-25.
- Ligon BL. Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases: review of general contributing factors and of West Nile virus. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis 2004 Jul;15(3):199-205.
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