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Veterinary parasitology2023; 318; 109936; doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.109936

World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) guideline for diagnosing anthelmintic resistance using the faecal egg count reduction test in ruminants, horses and swine.

Abstract: The faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) remains the method of choice for establishing the efficacy of anthelmintic compounds in the field, including the diagnosis of anthelmintic resistance. We present a guideline for improving the standardization and performance of the FECRT that has four sections. In the first section, we address the major issues relevant to experimental design, choice of faecal egg count (FEC) method, statistical analysis, and interpretation of the FECRT results. In the second section, we make a series of general recommendations that are applicable across all animals addressed in this guideline. In the third section, we provide separate guidance details for cattle, small ruminants (sheep and goats), horses and pigs to address the issues that are specific to the different animal types. Finally, we provide overviews of the specific details required to conduct an FECRT for each of the different host species. To address the issues of statistical power vs. practicality, we also provide two separate options for each animal species; (i) a version designed to detect small changes in efficacy that is intended for use in scientific studies, and (ii) a less resource-intensive version intended for routine use by veterinarians and livestock owners to detect larger changes in efficacy. Compared to the previous FECRT recommendations, four important differences are noted. First, it is now generally recommended to perform the FECRT based on pre- and post-treatment FEC of the same animals (paired study design), rather than on post-treatment FEC of both treated and untreated (control) animals (unpaired study design). Second, instead of requiring a minimum mean FEC (expressed in eggs per gram (EPG)) of the group to be tested, the new requirement is for a minimum total number of eggs to be counted under the microscope (cumulative number of eggs counted before the application of a conversion factor). Third, we provide flexibility in the required size of the treatment group by presenting three separate options that depend on the (expected) number of eggs counted. Finally, these guidelines address all major livestock species, and the thresholds for defining reduced efficacy are adapted and aligned to host species, anthelmintic drug and parasite species. In conclusion, these new guidelines provide improved methodology and standardization of the FECRT for all major livestock species.
Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Publication Date: 2023-04-23 PubMed ID: 37121092DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.109936Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article provides a guideline for diagnosing anthelmintic resistance in ruminants, horses, and swine using the faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT). It includes recommendations for experimental design, fecal egg count method, statistical analysis, interpretation of results, and more.

Understanding the Faecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT)

  • The FECRT is used to determine the effectiveness of anthelmintic drugs (medications that expel parasitic worms from the body) in various livestock species in the field.
  • The test involves counting the number of parasite eggs in an animal’s feces before and after treatment with an anthelmintic compound.
  • If the count of eggs is significantly reduced post-treatment, the drug is considered effective. However, if the egg count does not decrease significantly, this may indicate anthelmintic resistance.

Updating the Guidelines for FECRT

  • This study establishes new guidelines for FECRT, aiming to improve its standardisation and performance.
  • The new guidelines highlight four distinct sections: major issues relevant to the FECRT execution, general recommendations applicable across all animal types, specific guidance for different livestock varieties, and detailed descriptions for conducting the FECRT for each animal species.

Key Changes in the New Guidelines

  • Firstly, the study recommends using a paired study design – assessing FEC of the same animals pre- and post-treatment. This eliminates the need for untreated control animals as proposed in the older guidelines (unpaired design).
  • Secondly, instead of needing a minimum mean FEC for the group, the new guidelines require a minimum total count of eggs under the microscope before applying any conversion factors.
  • Thirdly, the new recommendation provides more flexibility in terms of the size of the treatment group, using three separate options based on the expected number of eggs counted.
  • Lastly, the newest guidelines cater to all significant livestock species. The benchmarks for defining reduced efficacy now adapt to different host species, anthelmintic drugs, and parasite species.

Significance of the New Guidelines

  • These new guidelines provide a more refined methodology and improved standardization of FECRT procedure.
  • They are intended to increase the accuracy and reliability of anthelmintic resistance diagnosis, serving both scientific studies that require detection of small changes in efficacy and routine veterinary use to spot larger changes in efficacy.
  • The changes could support more effective parasite management strategies and, by extension, improve livestock health and productivity.

Cite This Article

APA
Kaplan RM, Denwood MJ, Nielsen MK, Thamsborg SM, Torgerson PR, Gilleard JS, Dobson RJ, Vercruysse J, Levecke B. (2023). World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) guideline for diagnosing anthelmintic resistance using the faecal egg count reduction test in ruminants, horses and swine. Vet Parasitol, 318, 109936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.109936

Publication

Veterinary parasitology
ISSN: 1873-2550
NlmUniqueID: 7602745
Country: Netherlands
Language: English
Volume: 318
Pages: 109936

Researcher Affiliations

Kaplan, Ray M
  • Pathobiology Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, W.I., Grenada. Electronic address: rkaplan@sgu.edu.
Denwood, Matthew J
  • Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
Nielsen, Martin K
  • Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, KY, USA.
Thamsborg, Stig M
  • Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
Torgerson, Paul R
  • Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Switzerland.
Gilleard, John S
  • Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Host-Parasite Interactions Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Dobson, Robert J
  • School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Australia.
Vercruysse, Jozef
  • Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
Levecke, Bruno
  • Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Horses
  • Cattle
  • Sheep
  • Swine
  • Parasite Egg Count / veterinary
  • Parasite Egg Count / methods
  • Ovum
  • Anthelmintics / pharmacology
  • Anthelmintics / therapeutic use
  • Feces / parasitology
  • Goats
  • Drug Resistance

Conflict of Interest Statement

Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

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