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Home / Equine Research Bank / Open Virol J / Zoonotic Viral Diseases of Equines and Their Impact on Human...
The open virology journal2018; 12; 80-98; doi: 10.2174/1874357901812010080

Zoonotic Viral Diseases of Equines and Their Impact on Human and Animal Health.

Abstract: Zoonotic diseases are the infectious diseases that can be transmitted to human beings and vice versa from animals either directly or indirectly. These diseases can be caused by a range of organisms including bacteria, parasites, viruses and fungi. Viral diseases are highly infectious and capable of causing pandemics as evidenced by outbreaks of diseases like Ebola, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, West Nile, SARS-Corona, Nipah, Hendra, Avian influenza and Swine influenza. Unassigned: Many viruses affecting equines are also important human pathogens. Diseases like Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE), Western equine encephalitis (WEE), and Venezuelan-equine encephalitis (VEE) are highly infectious and can be disseminated as aerosols. A large number of horses and human cases of VEE with fatal encephalitis have continuously occurred in Venezuela and Colombia. Vesicular stomatitis (VS) is prevalent in horses in North America and has zoonotic potential causing encephalitis in children. Hendra virus (HeV) causes respiratory and neurological disease and death in man and horses. Since its first outbreak in 1994, 53 disease incidents have been reported in Australia. West Nile fever has spread to many newer territories across continents during recent years.It has been described in Africa, Europe, South Asia, Oceania and North America. Japanese encephalitis has expanded horizons from Asia to western Pacific region including the eastern Indonesian archipelago, Papua New Guinea and Australia. Rabies is rare in horses but still a public health concern being a fatal disease. Equine influenza is historically not known to affect humans but many scientists have mixed opinions. Equine viral diseases of zoonotic importance and their impact on animal and human health have been elaborated in this article. Conclusions: Equine viral diseases though restricted to certain geographical areas have huge impact on equine and human health. Diseases like West Nile fever, Hendra, VS, VEE, EEE, JE, Rabies have the potential for spread and ability to cause disease in human. Equine influenza is historically not known to affect humans but some experimental and observational evidence show that H3N8 influenza virus has infected man. Despite our pursuit of understanding the complexity of the vector-host-pathogen mediating disease transmission, it is not possible to make generalized predictions concerning the degree of impact of disease emergence. A targeted, multidisciplinary effort is required to understand the risk factors for zoonosis and apply the interventions necessary to control it.
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Publication Date: 2018-08-31 PubMed ID: 30288197PubMed Central: PMC6142672DOI: 10.2174/1874357901812010080Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research discusses the transmission of certain diseases from horses (equines) to humans, known as zoonotic diseases. It explores the significant impact of these diseases on both equine and human health.

Zoonotic Diseases in Equines

  • The study looks into zoonotic diseases: infections that can be transferred between animals and humans. In this context, the focus is on equines, specifically horses.
  • These diseases could be caused by a variety of organisms such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi. However, viral diseases are particularly dangerous due to their potential to cause pandemics, as seen with Ebola, SARS, and others.
  • Many viruses that affect horses can also be harmful to humans. Diseases such as Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE), Western equine encephalitis (WEE), and Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) are highly contagious and have been linked to fatal outcomes in both humans and horses.

Disease Impact and Spread

  • The paper highlights that these diseases, though geographically confined to certain areas, have substantial influence on equine and human health. For instance, West Nile fever has expanded to new territories across the world over recent years, and its presence has been confirmed in Africa, Europe, South Asia, Oceania, and North America.
  • Similarly, Japanese encephalitis and vesicular stomatitis have shown an increased spread, affecting regions beyond Asia including western Pacific areas and North America.
  • Despite the rarity of diseases such as rabies in horses, they still pose a public health concern due to their severe and fatal nature if contracted by humans.
  • The occurrence of equine influenza in humans is less known historically, although there’s a mixed opinion among scientists on its potential transmission to humans.

Conclusions

  • The study concludes that understanding these equine viral diseases and their zoonotic potential can help in the implementation of effective control measures.
  • The researchers also suggest that a targeted, multidisciplinary effort is necessary to fully understand the risk factors associated with such diseases and to develop appropriate interventions.
  • Further, they note that it is challenging to make generalized predictions concerning the degree of impact of disease emergence due to the complexity of factors involved in disease transmission, including vectors, hosts, and pathogens.

Cite This Article

APA
Kumar B, Manuja A, Gulati BR, Virmani N, Tripathi BN. (2018). Zoonotic Viral Diseases of Equines and Their Impact on Human and Animal Health. Open Virol J, 12, 80-98. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874357901812010080

Publication

The open virology journal
ISSN: 1874-3579
NlmUniqueID: 101480213
Country: United Arab Emirates
Language: English
Volume: 12
Pages: 80-98

Researcher Affiliations

Kumar, Balvinder
  • ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar-125001, India.
Manuja, Anju
  • ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar-125001, India.
Gulati, B R
  • ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar-125001, India.
Virmani, Nitin
  • ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar-125001, India.
Tripathi, B N
  • ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar-125001, India.

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