Journal of analytical toxicology.
Periodical
Toxicology
Toxins
Biological
Publisher:
Preston Publications.. Oxford : Oxford University Press (2012)
Frequency: Monthly (except bimonthly in Jan./Feb., July/Aug., and Nov./Dec.), 2006-
Country: England
Language: English
Start Year:1977 -
ISSN:
0146-4760 (Print)
1945-2403 (Electronic)
0146-4760 (Linking)
1945-2403 (Electronic)
0146-4760 (Linking)
Impact Factor
2.5
2022
| NLM ID: | 7705085 |
| (DNLM): | J12440000(s) |
| (OCoLC): | 02942106 |
| Coden: | JATOD3 |
| Classification: | W1 JO536CK |
Qualitative and quantitative analysis of hydrochlorothiazide in equine plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography.
Journal of analytical toxicology
July 1, 1980
Volume 4, Issue 4 185-191 doi: 10.1093/jat/4.4.185
Henion JD, Maylin GA.A sensitive, quantitative method has been developed for the determination of hydrochlorothiazide in equine plasma and urine. Thin-layer chromatography is used to screen for the presence of the drug in unknown samples. The TLC screening methods described provide minimum detection limits of 50 ng/mL in plasma and 25 ng/mL in urine. A silica micro chromatography column is used to clean up ethyl acetate extracts for HPLC analysis and mass spectral confirmation. An internal standard, trichloromethiazide, is used to derive quantitative data at concentrations as low as 25 ng/mL for plasma disappearan... Validated UHPLC-MS-MS method for rapid analysis of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin in equine plasma for doping control.
Journal of analytical toxicology
January 11, 2013
Volume 37, Issue 2 122-132 doi: 10.1093/jat/bks098
You Y, Uboh CE, Soma LR, Guan F, Taylor D, Li X, Liu Y, Chen J.A method involving ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was developed and validated for the analysis of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin in equine plasma. The analytes were recovered from plasma by liquid-liquid extraction using methyl tert-butyl ether and separated on a sub-2 micron column. The mobile phase was composed of 2 mM ammonium formate and methanol. A triple quadrupole mass spectrometer was used to detect the analytes in positive electrospray ionization mode with selected reaction monitoring. The limits of detection, quantification and confirmation for ... Rapid and sensitive analysis of 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone in equine plasma using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
Journal of analytical toxicology
May 15, 2012
Volume 36, Issue 5 327-333 doi: 10.1093/jat/bks033
Wang CC, Hartmann-Fischbach P, Krueger TR, Wells TL, Feineman AR, Compton JC.3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) is a psychoactive drug with potent stimulant properties and potential for abuse and drug dependency. MDPV was recently classified as a Class I drug by Racing Commissioners International, indicating that it is a banned substance in equine athletes because it lacks therapeutic value in horses. To enforce this ban, a sensitive and fast liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was needed. It is for this reason that this method was developed for quantification and confirmation of MDPV in equine plasma. Sample preparation involved liquid-liquid extr... Postmortem Vitreous Humor Analysis in Dogs, Cats and Horses.
Journal of analytical toxicology
November 21, 2020
Volume 46, Issue 1 103-107 doi: 10.1093/jat/bkaa175
Stern AW, Muralidhar M.Postmortem chemistry can be a useful ancillary technique that the forensic pathologist can use during a death investigation. In stark contrast, there is limited information available for use of postmortem vitreous humor analysis in animals. In order to use postmortem vitreous humor in veterinary forensic investigations, validation of a method to analyze vitreous humor is required. The goal of this study was to determine the precision, bias, TEobs and sigma (σ) of the Element DC chemistry analyzer; assess its precision using the vitreous humor collected postmortem from dogs, cats and horses an... Discrimination of Human Urine from Animal Urine Using 1H-NMR.
Journal of analytical toxicology
August 31, 2018
Volume 43, Issue 1 51-60 doi: 10.1093/jat/bky061
Lee W, Ko BJ, Sim YE, Suh S, Yoon D, Kim S.Urine was most commonly used biological sample in drug test. To create a false-negative test result, some drug abusers were reported to submit animal urine instead of their own. So, the purpose of this study was to compare and differentiate human from animal urine (Rat 370, Pig 12, Horse 10, Cat 8, Dog 13, Cow 10, Monkey 10) samples through the uses of quantitative 1H-NMR and to find biomarkers that can be used for the discrimination of human urine from animal urine. The 1H-NMR spectroscopy was employed and metabolomic analysis with multivariate statistics was carried out. Human urine samples ... Comparison of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and radioimmunoassay for measurement of fentanyl and determination of pharmacokinetics in equine plasma.
Journal of analytical toxicology
November 22, 2008
Volume 32, Issue 9 754-759 doi: 10.1093/jat/32.9.754
Thomasy SM, Mama KR, Stanley SD.This study evaluated the validity of measuring fentanyl concentrations in equine plasma using radioimmunoassay (RIA) by comparing it to the established technique of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Equine plasma samples were analyzed using a solid-phase Coat-A-Count fentanyl RIA and a validated LC-MS method. The fentanyl concentrations derived by both methods were compared by linear regression and pharmacokinetic analysis. The cross-reactivity of the primary equine fentanyl metabolite, N-[1-(2-phenethyl-4-piperidinyl)]maloanilinic acid (PMA), with the RIA was determined. The bi... Validation of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for quantification of glycopyrrolate in horse plasma.
Journal of analytical toxicology
November 15, 2011
Volume 35, Issue 9 656-664 doi: 10.1093/anatox/35.9.656
Rumpler MJ, Sams RA, Colahan P.A rapid, sensitive, and specific ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with heated electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HESI-MS-MS) method to detect and quantify glycopyrrolate in horse plasma has been developed and validated. We also determined glycopyrrolate in plasma after oral and intravenous administration of clinically relevant doses to Thoroughbred horses. Calibration was accomplished by weighted, linear regression analysis using a deuterated analogue of glycopyrrolate as internal standard (IS). Glycopyrrolate (GLY) and the IS (GLY-d(3)) were isolated from plas... The use of ELISA tests and immunoaffinity chromatography combined with reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography for dexamethasone detection in equine urine.
Journal of analytical toxicology
September 1, 1997
Volume 21, Issue 5 393-396 doi: 10.1093/jat/21.5.393
Ribeiro Neto LM, Spinosa HS, Salvadori MC.Dexamethasone is a corticosteroid drug widely used in racehorses because of its anti-inflammatory effect. It is, therefore, frequently detected in antidoping tests. A method for the antidoping control of dexamethasone in equine urine using screening by ELISA and confirmation by immunoaffinity chromatography combined with reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) is described. The ELISA test is frequently used in antidoping tests for its sensitivity, relative speed, and low cost. The test showed linearity in the range of 4-500 ng/mL of urine, and the... Detection and identification of flunixin after multiple intravenous and intramuscular doses to horses.
Journal of analytical toxicology
September 17, 1999
Volume 23, Issue 5 372-379 doi: 10.1093/jat/23.5.372
Sams RA, Gerken DF, Ashcraft SM.The objectives of the study were to compare various methods to determine flunixin in test samples collected periodically from horses after intramuscular (IM) and intravenous (IV) dosing at the maximum recommended dosage and to document detection times for this drug in test samples. Flunixin, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug approved for use in horses, was administered to eight mares in five consecutive daily doses of 1.1 mg per kilogram of body weight by the IM or IV route. Flunixin was detected in urine samples collected at various times after drug administration by flunixin enzyme-linke... Validated LC-MS-MS Method for Simultaneous Analysis of 17 Barbiturates in Horse Plasma for Doping Control.
Journal of analytical toxicology
April 8, 2017
Volume 41, Issue 5 431-440 doi: 10.1093/jat/bkx025
Liu Y, Uboh CE, Li X, Guan F, You Y, Maylin GA, Zhu F, Soma LR.A rapid and sensitive method for simultaneous screening, quantification and confirmation of 17 barbiturates in horse plasma using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry is described. Analytes were recovered from plasma by liquid-liquid extraction using methyl tert-butyl ether, separated on a C18 column, and analyzed in negative electrospray ionization mode. Multiple-reaction monitoring was employed for screening and quantification. Confirmation for the presence of the analytes was achieved by comparing ion intensity ratio. The ranges for limits of detection, quantification and confirma... Detection of various performance enhancing substances in specimens collected from race horses in Illinois: a five-year experience.
Journal of analytical toxicology
August 30, 2011
Volume 35, Issue 7 438-443 doi: 10.1093/anatox/35.7.438
Taddei L, Benoit M, Sukta A, Peterson J, Gaensslen RE, Negrusz A.In order to protect the integrity of horse racing in Illinois, a complex testing of urine and blood specimens collected post-race from winning and special designation horses is continuously conducted. The initial screening by immunoassays was followed by the confirmation on presumptive positive samples. Instrumental screening was also conducted. Perimortem and postmortem specimens and special exhibits (syringes, needles, etc.) were also analyzed. The administration of alkalinizing agents was detected by measuring the total plasma carbon dioxide concentration. The laboratory analyzed specimens ... Relative binding of therapeutic drugs by sera of seven mammalian species.
Journal of analytical toxicology
December 10, 1998
Volume 22, Issue 7 587-590 doi: 10.1093/jat/22.7.587
Bailey DN.The relative binding of acetaminophen, lidocaine, phenobarbital, procainamide, quinidine, and theophylline to sera of seven mammalian species was studied. Pooled commercial sera from cow, goat, horse, human, pig, rabbit, and sheep were supplemented with 5 and 10 mM concentrations of each drug. For each serum, each drug, and each drug concentration, equilibrium dialysis was performed in duplicate against phosphate buffer (pH 7.4, 0.1 M, 4 degrees C). Percent drug bound to serum was calculated. Phenobarbital demonstrated more than 20% binding to goat, horse, human, and sheep serum at both 5 and ... Quantification of several acidic drugs in equine serum using LC-MS-MS.
Journal of analytical toxicology
August 27, 2013
Volume 37, Issue 8 600-604 doi: 10.1093/jat/bkt069
Heffron B, Taddei L, Benoit M, Negrusz A.The use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in racehorses is allowed under most jurisdictions. Furosemide is administered to treat exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage. To help distinguish between therapeutic and illegal uses, racing regulatory bodies have set thresholds in serum for several drugs. The method for the simultaneous detection and quantification of furosemide, flunixin, ketoprofen, phenylbutazone and oxyphenbutazone using 500 µL of serum, and liquid extraction using diethyl ether : hexanes : dichloromethane followed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry quantitati... Segmental analysis and long-term monitoring of vadadustat in equine hair for the purpose of doping control.
Journal of analytical toxicology
August 18, 2023
bkad057 doi: 10.1093/jat/bkad057
Ishii H, Shibuya M, Kusano K, Sone Y, Kamiya T, Wakuno A, Ito H, Miyata K, Yamada M, Leung GN.Vadadustat is a newly launched hypoxia-inducible factor stabilizer with anti-anemia and erythropoietic effects; however, its use in horses is expressly forbidden in both racing and equestrian competitions. Following our previous report on the pharmacokinetic study of vadadustat in horse plasma and urine, a long-term longitudinal analysis of vadadustat in horse hair after nasoesophageal administration (3 g/day for 3 days) to three thoroughbred mares is described in this study. Our main objective is to further extend the detection period of vadadustat for the purpose of doping control. Three... Human nutritional supplements in the horse. Dehydroepiandrosterone versus androstenedione: comparative effects on the androgen profile and consequences for doping analysis.
Journal of analytical toxicology
January 5, 2002
Volume 25, Issue 8 685-690 doi: 10.1093/jat/25.8.685
Dehennin L, Bonnaire Y, Plou P.Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstenedione are weak androgens, which need conversion to more potent testosterone in order to enhance anabolic action. Consequences of oral dosing at 1 mg/kg on the urinary and plasma androgen profile of mare and gelding have been evaluated with an analytical method involving conjugate fractionation and selective hydrolysis, group separation, and quantitation by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring of trimethylsilyl ethers. Peak levels of testosterone total conjugates in urine (range 300-6000 microg/L) were attained a few hours... Gabapentin in horses: validation of an analytical method for gabapentin quantitation.
Journal of analytical toxicology
December 21, 2007
Volume 31, Issue 9 555-565 doi: 10.1093/jat/31.9.555
Lehner AF, Stewart J, Dafalla A, Ely KJ, Connerly AL, Jones CN, ElkHoly H, Thompson K, Tobin T, Dirikolu L.Gabapentin [1-(aminomethyl)cyclohexaneacetic acid, Neurontin], is a new anticonvulsant used as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of partial seizures in humans not controlled with standard antiseizure drugs, and it has also been used in veterinary medicine. In performance horses, gabapentin is listed as a class 3 performance-enhancing substance by the Association of Racing Commissioners International, and thus is considered to have the potential to influence the outcome of races. Therefore, we developed and validated a sensitive gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) method for gabape... Detection of recombinant epoetin and darbepoetin alpha after subcutaneous administration in the horse.
Journal of analytical toxicology
December 27, 2005
Volume 29, Issue 8 835-837 doi: 10.1093/jat/29.8.835
Lasne F, Popot MA, Varlet-Marie E, Martin L, Martin JA, Bonnaire Y, Audran M, de Ceaurriz J.A direct detection method for anti-doping control of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) abuse in racehorses is proposed. This method involves screening of plasma (or serum) by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay specific for human EPO and confirmation in urine samples by characterization of the urinary EPO isoelectric profile. This method was tested on horses that were administered epoetin alpha (rHuEPO) and the hyper-glycosylated form of this drug (darbepoetin alpha). Detection and identification of ketamine and its metabolites in horse urine.
Journal of analytical toxicology
March 1, 1987
Volume 11, Issue 2 58-62 doi: 10.1093/jat/11.2.58
Sams R, Pizzo P.The possibility exists that ketamine, or ketamine in combination with xylazine, is being used illicitly to affect the performance of racehorses. This study was undertaken to identify the metabolites of ketamine in the urine of adult horses and to evaluate methods for detecting and confirming ketamine administration. Detection of ketamine and two ketamine metabolites is described using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and their identities are confirmed by comparing their mass spectra and gas chromatographic retention times with those of authentic standards. Detection of morphine in blood and urine samples from horses administered poppy seeds and morphine sulfate orally.
Journal of analytical toxicology
March 28, 2002
Volume 26, Issue 2 81-86 doi: 10.1093/jat/26.2.81
Kollias-Baker C, Sams R.The objective of this study was to determine if the administration of poppy seeds to horses would result in detectable concentrations of morphine in urine and blood samples, as has been shown to occur in humans. In this study blood and urine samples were collected following administration of poppy seeds and morphine sulfate orally to four horses. Urine samples were subjected to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the presence of morphine. All urine samples testing positive by ELISA, as well as plasma samples collected after administration of the 10-g doses of poppy seeds, were analyz... Determination of procaine in equine plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography.
Journal of analytical toxicology
March 1, 1992
Volume 16, Issue 2 93-96 doi: 10.1093/jat/16.2.93
Stevenson AJ, Weber MP, Todi F, Mendonca M, Fenwick JD, Young L, Kwong E, Chen F, Beaumier P, Timmings S.The variability in plasma and urine equine procaine measurement between three independent laboratories using current methods led to the development of a sensitive, reliable, and reproducible high-performance liquid chromatographic method. Standardbred mares were administered either a penicillin G procaine preparation intramuscularly or procaine hydrochloride subcutaneously, and blood and urine were collected at defined time intervals. By HPLC the detection limits for procaine in plasma and urine were 1 and 10 ng/mL, respectively. In contrast procaine in plasma could not be detected by GC-NPD, ... Development of a method for the detection and confirmation of the alpha-2 agonist amitraz and its major metabolite in horse urine.
Journal of analytical toxicology
November 2, 2004
Volume 28, Issue 7 553-562 doi: 10.1093/jat/28.7.553
Lehner AF, Hughes CG, Karpiesiuk W, Harkins JD, Dirikolu L, Bosken J, Camargo F, Boyles J, Troppmann A, Woods WE, Tobin T.Amitraz (N'-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-N-[[(2,4-dimethylphenyl)imino]methyl]-N-methyl-methanimidamide) is an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist used in veterinary medicine primarily as a scabicide- or acaricide-type insecticide. As an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist, it also has sedative/tranquilizing properties and is, therefore, listed as an Association of Racing Commissioners International Class 3 Foreign Substance, indicating its potential to influence the outcome of horse races. We identified the principal equine metabolite of amitraz as N-2,4-dimethylphenyl-N'-methylformamidine by electrospray ionization(+... GC/MS confirmatory method for etorphine in horse urine.
Journal of analytical toxicology
July 1, 1989
Volume 13, Issue 4 193-196 doi: 10.1093/jat/13.4.193
Bonnaire Y, Plou P, Pages N, Boudene C, Jouany JM.A highly sensitive procedure for GC/MS determination of etorphine in horse urine is described. This assay provides both specificity and reliability and is particularly well suited for the confirmation of radioimmunoassay screening procedures usually used for etorphine. After solvent extraction and purifications, the etorphine is characterized as a pentafluoroacetic derivative (PFAA) by using mass fragmentography. The detection limit is 0.1 ng/mL in urine; the coefficient of variation of the estimations is 10.9%. The procedure has been validated after on-field administration of 5 to 90 microgra... Use of Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry to Quantify and Confirm the Fentanyl Metabolite N-[1-(2-Phenethy-4-Piperidinyl)] Maloanilinic Acid in Equine Urine for Doping Control.
Journal of analytical toxicology
February 11, 2023
Volume 47, Issue 4 393-402 doi: 10.1093/jat/bkad008
You Y, Proctor RM, Haughan J, Missanelli JR, Robinson MA.Fentanyl, a powerful synthetic mu opioid receptor agonist, is banned in equine sports by the Association of Racing Commissioners International and the Fédération Équestre Internationale. The presence of fentanyl in equine blood has been confirmed during routine post-race screening for doping substances in the authors' laboratory. While fentanyl can be detected and confirmed in blood, it is rapidly metabolized, and screening for the metabolite N-[1-(2-phenethy-4-piperidinyl)] maloanilinic acid (PMA) in equine urine is expected to allow for a longer detection time. In this study, a quantitati... A liquid chromatographic procedure for the analysis of yohimbine in equine serum and urine.
Journal of analytical toxicology
May 1, 1993
Volume 17, Issue 3 178-181 doi: 10.1093/jat/17.3.178
Reimer G, Suarez A, Chui YC.A standardbred mare was dosed with 40 mg yohimbine intravenously. Serum and urine samples were collected and analyzed for yohimbine using solvent extraction and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. Maximum yohimbine concentrations of 45 and 18 ng/mL were observed in serum and urine samples, respectively. Elimination was rapid, with half-lives of approximately 20 and 53 min observed for serum and urine, respectively. The presence of yohimbine in these samples was confirmed by liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy (LC/MS/MS). Clenbuterol in the horse: confirmation and quantitation of serum clenbuterol by LC-MS-MS after oral and intratracheal administration.
Journal of analytical toxicology
June 2, 2001
Volume 25, Issue 4 280-287 doi: 10.1093/jat/25.4.280
Lehner AF, Harkins JD, Karpiesiuk W, Woods WE, Robinson NE, Dirikolu L, Fisher M, Tobin T.Clenbuterol is a beta2 agonist/antagonist bronchodilator, and its identification in post-race samples may lead to sanctions. The objective of this study was to develop a specific and highly sensitive serum quantitation method for clenbuterol that would allow effective regulatory control of this agent in horses. Therefore, clenbuterol-d9 was synthesized for use as an internal standard, an automated solid-phase extraction method was developed, and both were used in conjunction with a multiple reaction monitoring liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) method to allow unequivoca... The quantitation of procaine in equine plasma by liquid chromatography-linear ion trap mass spectrometry.
Journal of analytical toxicology
June 1, 2007
Volume 31, Issue 2 87-92 doi: 10.1093/jat/31.2.87
Zientek KD, Anderson DF, Wegner K, Cole C.A method for the extraction and quantitation of procaine in equine plasma was developed for use with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Procaine was isolated from equine plasma by liquid-liquid extraction at pH 11 with dichloromethane using procaine-d10 as an internal standard. Quantitation was achieved by LC-MS using a 3-microm C-18 column coupled to an electrospray ionization source on a linear ion-trap mass spectrometer. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation was determined to be 50 and 200 pg/mL, respectively. The lowest limit of detection determined by previous met... Determination of methocarbamol in equine serum and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection and atmospheric pressure ionization-mass spectrometric confirmation.
Journal of analytical toxicology
July 1, 1997
Volume 21, Issue 4 301-305 doi: 10.1093/jat/21.4.301
Koupai-Abyazani MR, Esaw B, Laviolette B.Urine and serum samples collected from four standard-bred mares after and oral regimen administration of methocarbamol were extracted and analyzed. The method consisted of enzyme hydrolysis followed by a one-step liquid-liquid extraction, separation on a reversed-phase (RP-18) column, and detection using an ultraviolet (UV) detector. The confirmation was carried out using a liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure ionization-mass spectrometry (LC-API-MS) system. Maximum methocarbamol concentrations of 1498, 1734, 1547, 2322 micrograms/mL in urine and 4.9, 1.7, and 3.6 micrograms/mL in serum ... Postmortem tissue samples: an alternative to urine and blood for drug analysis in racehorses.
Journal of analytical toxicology
September 1, 1995
Volume 19, Issue 5 307-315 doi: 10.1093/jat/19.5.307
Uboh CE, Rudy JA, Railing FA, Enright JM, Shoemaker JM, Kahler MC, Shellenberger JM, Kemecsei Z, Das DN.Although urine is the sample of choice for drug tests in racehorses, it is rarely obtained following the sudden death of a racehorse on the track while racing. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the significance of postmortem tissue samples as an alternative to urine and blood samples in equine drug analysis following the sudden death of a racehorse on the track while participating in a competitive race. Postmortem tissue samples were frozen (-80 degrees C) until analyzed. A 30-40-g portion of each organ was homogenized in a 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), deproteinized, hydrolyzed ... Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry to Assess Essential and Performance-Enhancing Metals in the Urine of Racehorses.
Journal of analytical toxicology
February 6, 2020
Volume 44, Issue 5 490-498 doi: 10.1093/jat/bkaa004
Karakka Kal AK, Perwad Z, K Karatt T, Nalakath J, Subhahar M.Recently, an increased tendency to use various metals has been observed in the sports competition fields. Many of these metals and their organic complexes reportedly have good pharmacologic, therapeutic and performance-enhancement uses; they are banned or recommended as controlled medications in competitive sports. The objective of this research was to determine the concentration of pharmacologically relevant metals in urine samples collected from racehorses at various sport events, develop a method and assess the concentrations of above metals using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometr... Detection of diuretics in horse urine by GC/MS.
Journal of analytical toxicology
May 1, 1992
Volume 16, Issue 3 194-198 doi: 10.1093/jat/16.3.194
Hagedorn HW, Schulz R.The use of diuretics in horses subject to doping control is prohibited. Thus, a sensitive screening procedure is required to identify the chemically different diuretics. We communicate here a method to detect three commonly employed acidic diuretics: bumetanide, ethacrynic acid, and furosemide. A liquid-liquid extraction on Extrelut 3 was performed at weak acidic and basic conditions using ethyl acetate as organic solvent. For analysis by GC, the diuretics were methylated on-column in the presence of MSTFA/TMAH, avoiding the commonly employed highly toxic derivatizing agent methyl iodide. For ... Detection of urinary metabolites common to structurally related 17alpha-alkyl anabolic steroids in horses and application to doping tests in racehorses: methandienone, methandriol, and oxymetholone.
Journal of analytical toxicology
June 12, 2008
Volume 32, Issue 5 387-391 doi: 10.1093/jat/32.5.387
Yamada M, Aramaki S, Kurosawa M, Saito K, Nakazawa H.Methandienone, methandriol, and oxymetholone, which are anabolic steroids possessing 17alpha-methyl and 17beta-hydroxy groups, were developed as oral formulations for therapeutic purposes. However, they have been used in racehorses to enhance racing performance. In humans, it has been reported that structurally related anabolic steroids having the 17alpha-methyl and 17beta-hydroxy groups, including 17alpha-methyltestosterone, mestanolone, methandienone, methandriol, and oxymetholone, have metabolites in common. In this study, we found that metabolites common to those of 17alpha-methyltestoster...