Journal of medical entomology.
Periodical
Zoology
Entomology
Publisher:
Entomology Dept., B. P. Bishop Museum.. Oxford, UK : Oxford University Press (2015)
Frequency: Six no. a year
Country: England
Language: English
Author(s):
Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum. Department of Entomology., Entomological Society of America.
Start Year:1964 -
ISSN:
0022-2585 (Print)
1938-2928 (Electronic)
0022-2585 (Linking)
1938-2928 (Electronic)
0022-2585 (Linking)
Impact Factor
2.1
2022
| NLM ID: | 0375400 |
| (OCoLC): | 01783323 |
| (DNLM): | J28900000(s) |
| Coden: | JMENA6 |
| LCCN: | 68041454 |
| Classification: | W1 JO75E |
Eggs of the horse bot fly, Gasterophilus intestinalis (Diptera: gasterophilidae), On pastured cattle.
Journal of medical entomology
January 31, 1973
Volume 10, Issue 1 34-37 doi: 10.1093/jmedent/10.1.34
Mock DE.No abstract available Horse-, bird-, and human-seeking behavior and seasonal abundance of mosquitoes in a West Nile virus focus of southern France.
Journal of medical entomology
October 5, 2006
Volume 43, Issue 5 936-946 doi: 10.1603/0022-2585(2006)43[936:hbahba]2.0.co;2
Balenghien T, Fouque F, Sabatier P, Bicout DJ.After 35 yr of disease absence, West Nile virus (family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus, WNV) circulation has been regularly detected in the Camargue region (southern France) since 2000. WNV was isolated from Culex modestus Ficalbi, which was considered the main vector in southern France after horse outbreaks in the 1960s. Recent WNV transmissions outside of the Cx. modestus distribution suggested the existence of other vectors. To study potential WNV vectors, horse- and bird-baited traps and human landing collections of mosquitoes were carried out weekly from May to October 2004 at two Camargu... Read More
67
Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) as a vector of Ehrlichia equi (Rickettsiales: Ehrlichieae).
Journal of medical entomology
January 1, 1996
Volume 33, Issue 1 1-5 doi: 10.1093/jmedent/33.1.1
Richter PJ, Kimsey RB, Madigan JE, Barlough JE, Dumler JS, Brooks DL.Ehrlichia equi, a rickettsia described from horses in California 30 yr ago, causes equine granulocytic ehrlichiosis throughout the Americas and possibly Europe. Here, we report experimental transmission of E. equi from infected to susceptible horses through bites of western blacklegged ticks, Ixodes pacificus (Cooley & Kohls). In preliminary field studies, only I. pacificus consistently infested horses and vegetation at 3 locations with contemporary cases of equine ehrlichosis, and in particular, I. pacificus was the only species found attached to all of the infected horses. Exposure to bites ... Read More
50
Animal disease agents transmitted by horse flies and deer flies (Diptera: Tabanidae).
Journal of medical entomology
December 8, 1976
Volume 13, Issue 3 225-275 doi: 10.1093/jmedent/13.3.225
Krinsky WL.No abstract available Read More
30
Detection and identification of rickettsial agents in ticks from domestic mammals in eastern Panama.
Journal of medical entomology
August 4, 2009
Volume 46, Issue 4 856-861 doi: 10.1603/033.046.0417
Bermúdez SE, Eremeeva ME, Karpathy SE, Samudio F, Zambrano ML, Zaldivar Y, Motta JA, Dasch GA.Several outbreaks of Rocky Mountain spotted fever have occurred in recent years in Colombian communities close to the border with Panama. However, little is known about rickettsiae and rickettsial diseases in eastern Panamanian provinces, the Darien Province and the Kuna Yala, located north of the endemic area in Colombia. In 2007, 289 ticks were collected in several towns from dogs, horses, mules, cows, and pigs. DNA was extracted from 124 Dermacentor nitens, 64 Rhipicephalus sanguineus, 43 Amblyomma ovale, 35 A. cajennense, 10 Boophilus microplus, 4 A. oblongoguttatum, and 9 A. cajennense ny... Read More
24
Transmission of Babesia caballi by Dermacentor nitens (Acari: Ixodidae) is restricted to one generation in the absence of alimentary reinfection on a susceptible equine host.
Journal of medical entomology
December 9, 2008
Volume 45, Issue 6 1152-1155 doi: 10.1603/0022-2585(2008)45[1152:tobcbd]2.0.co;2
Schwint ON, Knowles DP, Ueti MW, Kappmeyer LS, Scoles GA.The tropical horse tick, Dermacentor nitens, is a natural vector of Babesia caballi in the Americas. B. caballi, one of the etiologic agents of equine piroplasmosis, occurs widely throughout the world, but the United States and a few other countries are considered to be free of infection. B. caballi is transovarially transmitted by the one-host tick D. nitens; we tested the hypothesis that B. caballi can persist in multiple generations of D. nitens in the absence of opportunity to reacquire infection from a susceptible equine host. Partially engorged female D. nitens were collected from a B. c... Read More
20
Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in relation to the avian community of a coastal cedar swamp.
Journal of medical entomology
September 1, 1994
Volume 31, Issue 5 711-728 doi: 10.1093/jmedent/31.5.711
Crans WJ, Caccamise DF, McNelly JR.Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus (EEEV) is perpetuated in eastern North America in a mosquito-wild bird maintenance cycle that involves Culiseta melanura (Coquillett) as the principal enzootic vector and passerine birds as the primary amplifying hosts. We examined the role of birds in the EEEV cycle at a site in southern New Jersey where EEEV cycles annually at high levels. Birds and mosquitoes were sampled during three epiornitics and one season of limited virus activity. We examined antibody prevalence in birds in relation to eight physical and natural history characteristics. Our goal... Read More
18
Feeding patterns of Haemagogus janthinomys (Diptera: Culicidae) in different regions of Brazil.
Journal of medical entomology
February 10, 2006
Volume 42, Issue 6 981-985
Alencar J, Lorosa ES, Dégallier lN, Serra-Freire NM, Pacheco JB, Guimarães AE.New data on the feeding patterns of Haemagogus (Haemagogus) janthinomys Dyar from different geographical regions of Brazil, by using the precipitin test as the bloodmeal-identifying tool, are presented. The following antisera were used: bird, dog, human, rodent, cattle, horse, and opossum. The origins of 287 bloodmeals were identified, whereas 33 specimens were negative to the antiserums tested. Among the reactive specimens, 174 (60.6%) fed on only one food source, of which 35.1% originated from birds, 19.5% from rodents, 12.6% from humans, 10.3% from cattle, 10.3% from opossums, 7.5% from dog... Read More
16
Experimental transmission of eastern equine encephalitis virus by strains of Aedes albopictus and A. taeniorhynchus (Diptera: Culicidae).
Journal of medical entomology
March 1, 1994
Volume 31, Issue 2 287-290 doi: 10.1093/jmedent/31.2.287
Turell MJ, Beaman JR, Neely GW.The vector competence of Aedes taeniorhynchus (Wiedemann) and four strains of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) was assessed for eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus isolated from Ae. albopictus collected in Polk County, Florida. Both species became infected with and transmitted EEE virus by bite after feeding on 1-d-old chicks that had been inoculated with EEE virus (viremia = 10(10.1) plaque-forming units [PFU] per ml of blood). However, when fed on an older chick with a lower viremia (viremia = 10(6.1) PFU per ml of blood), Ae. albopictus was significantly more susceptible to infection (90%, n = ... Read More
14
Distribution and characterization of Borrelia burgdorferi isolates from Ixodes scapularis and presence in mammalian hosts in Ontario, Canada.
Journal of medical entomology
August 9, 2006
Volume 43, Issue 4 762-773 doi: 10.1603/0022-2585(2006)43[762:DACOBB]2.0.CO;2
Morshed MG, Scott JD, Fernando K, Geddes G, McNabb A, Mak S, Durden LA.The blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis Say (Acari: Ixodidae), has a wide geographical distribution in Ontario, Canada, with a detected range extending at least as far north as the 50th parallel. Our data of 591 adult I. scapularis submissions collected from domestic animals (canines, felines, and equines) and humans during a 10-yr period (1993-2002) discloses a monthly questing activity in Ontario that peaks in May and October. The Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi Johnson, Schmidt, Hyde, Steigerwalt & Brenner was detected in 12.9% of I. scapularis adults collected from domesti... Read More
12
Prevalence and species of ticks on horses in central Oklahoma.
Journal of medical entomology
May 23, 2014
Volume 50, Issue 6 1330-1333 doi: 10.1603/me13117
Duell JR, Carmichael R, Herrin BH, Holbrook TC, Talley J, Little SE.Ticks are common on horses, but there is a dearth of contemporary data on infestation prevalence, predominant species, and tick-borne disease agents important in this host. To determine the species of ticks most common on horses and the prevalence of equine exposure to and infection with tick-borne disease agents, ticks and blood samples were collected from 73 horses during May, June, and July of 2010. Adult ticks were identified to species, and antibodies to Ehrlichia spp., Anaplasma spp., and Borrelia burgdorferi were identified using indirect fluorescence antibody assay, a commercial point-... Read More
11
Seroprevalence of Rickettsia spp. in Equids and Molecular Detection of ‘Candidatus Rickettsia amblyommii’ in Amblyomma cajennense Sensu Lato Ticks From the Pantanal Region of Mato Grosso, Brazil.
Journal of medical entomology
November 1, 2014
Volume 51, Issue 6 1242-1247 doi: 10.1603/ME14042
Alves Ada S, Melo AL, Amorim MV, Borges AM, Gaíva E Silva L, Martins TF, Labruna MB, Aguiar DM, Pacheco RC.The aim of the study was to evaluate exposure of equids to rickettsial agents (Rickettsia rickettsii, Rickettsia parkeri, 'Candidatus Rickettsia amblyommii', Rickettsia rhipicephali, and Rickettsia bellii) and rickettsial infection in ticks of a Pantanal region of Brazil. Sera of 547 equids (500 horses and 47 donkeys) were evaluated by indirect immunofluorescence assay. In total, 665 adults and 106 nymphal pools of Amblyomma cajennense F. sensu lato, 10 Dermacentor nitens Neumann ticks, and 88 larval pools of Amblyomma sp. were tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Overall, 337 (61.6%) eq... Read More
11
Evaluation of the Honey-Card Technique for Detection of Transmission of Arboviruses in Florida and Comparison With Sentinel Chicken Seroconversion.
Journal of medical entomology
June 21, 2016
Volume 53, Issue 6 1449-1457 doi: 10.1093/jme/tjw106
Burkett-Cadena ND, Gibson J, Lauth M, Stenn T, Acevedo C, Xue RD, McNelly J, Northey E, Hassan HK, Fulcher A, Bingham AM, van Olphen J, van Olphen A....Zoonotic mosquito-borne viruses, such as the West Nile virus (WNV) and eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV), are major public health threats in the United States. Early detection of virus transmission and targeted vector management are critical to protect humans against these pathogens. Sentinel chickens and pool screening of mosquitoes, the most widely used methods of arbovirus early detection, have technical time-lags that compromise their early-detection value. The exploitation of sugar-feeding by trapped mosquitoes for arbovirus surveillance may represent a viable alternative to other ... Read More
11
Hypersensitivity of horses in British Columbia to extracts of native and exotic species of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae).
Journal of medical entomology
July 1, 1993
Volume 30, Issue 4 657-663 doi: 10.1093/jmedent/30.4.657
Anderson GS, Belton P, Kleider N.Six horses from British Columbia severely affected by Culicoides hypersensitivity, a seasonal dermatitis caused by the bites of Culicoides spp., were inoculated intradermally with extracts of six species or forms of Culicoides from British Columbia, United States, and Israel. Two native and four exotic species were thought to cause the disease in their own geographical area. The horses developed large welts within 20 min after injection of any of the six extracts, indicating an immediate (type I) reaction. The skin reactions caused by each extract peaked at or after 24 h, indicating an additio... Read More
11
Transmission patterns of St. Louis encephalitis and eastern equine encephalitis viruses in Florida: 1978-1993.
Journal of medical entomology
January 1, 1996
Volume 33, Issue 1 132-139 doi: 10.1093/jmedent/33.1.132
Day JF, Stark LM.Sentinel chickens were maintained at field sites in 40 Florida counties for varying periods between 1978 and 1993. For each county, the total number of St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLE) or eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus seroconversions were divided by the number of chickens exposed to calculate a mean annual seroconversion rate. These rates were used to evaluate the annual and geographical distributions of these viruses within Florida. For SLE, the rates in counties that reported human SLE cases during a widespread epidemic in 1990 were compared with adjusted mean annual seroconversi... Read More
11
Evidence for multiple foci of eastern equine encephalitis virus (Togaviridae:Alphavirus) in central New York State.
Journal of medical entomology
May 1, 1996
Volume 33, Issue 3 421-432 doi: 10.1093/jmedent/33.3.421
Howard JJ, Grayson MA, White DJ, Oliver J.A regional surveillance system for eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus was established in central New York in 1984 after the 2nd human EEE fatality occurred in 1983. Extensive mosquito surveillance activities were coordinated with the rapid laboratory processing of mosquito specimens for EEE virus. Active surveillance for EEE infections in humans and equines also was initiated. Results of long-term surveillance detected the presence of multiple Culiseta breeding swamps. A 6-yr interepizootic period (1984-1989) was followed by 2 yr of equine EEE. In 1990, there were 7 equine cases and a rec... Read More
11
Continued Evidence of Decline in the Enzootic Activity of Western Equine Encephalitis Virus in Colorado.
Journal of medical entomology
December 12, 2018
Volume 56, Issue 2 584-588 doi: 10.1093/jme/tjy214
Robb LL, Hartman DA, Rice L, deMaria J, Bergren NA, Borland EM, Kading RC.Western equine encephalitis (WEE) was once prevalent and routinely isolated from mosquitoes in Colorado; however, isolations of Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV) have not been reported from mosquito pools since the early 1990s. The objective of the present study was to test pools of Culex tarsalis (Coquillett) mosquitoes sampled from Weld County, CO, in 2016 for evidence of WEEV infection. Over 7,000 mosquitoes were tested, but none were positive for WEEV RNA. These data indicate that WEEV either was not circulating enzootically in Northern Colorado, was very rare, and would require muc... Read More
10
Attachment-site patterns of adult blacklegged ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) on white-tailed deer and horses.
Journal of medical entomology
May 30, 1998
Volume 35, Issue 1 59-63 doi: 10.1093/jmedent/35.1.59
Schmidtmann ET, Carroll JF, Watson DW.The attachment site pattern of adult Ixodes scapularis Say on white-tailed deer and horses in Maryland was determined by whole-body examinations during fall and spring periods of tick host-seeking activity. On deer in the fall, both female and male I. scapularis attached largely to anterior dorsal body regions, with attachment to the ears (outside), head, neck, and brisket accounting for 87.9% of females and 86.6% of males. The attachment pattern of females differed between bucks and does during fall, but not in spring, and both females and males were more abundant on bucks than does during fa... Read More
10
Laboratory transmission of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus to chickens by chicken mites (Acari: Dermanyssidae).
Journal of medical entomology
January 1, 1993
Volume 30, Issue 1 281-285 doi: 10.1093/jmedent/30.1.281
Durden LA, Linthicum KJ, Monath TP.Pools of adult female chicken mites, Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer), were allowed to feed on chicks that had been inoculated with eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) virus and that had a viremia level of 10(6.2)-10(6.6) plaque-forming units per milliliter of blood. Virus remained detectable by plaque assay in samples of these mites for 30 d after the infectious blood meal. Virus was not recovered from any of 151 progeny of virus-exposed female mites. Mites that had fed on viremic chicks were allowed to feed on naive chicks 3, 7, 11, 15, or 30 d later. EEE virus was transmitted to chicks by ... Ticks and antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi from mammals at Cape Hatteras, NC and Assateague Island, MD and VA.
Journal of medical entomology
October 27, 1999
Volume 36, Issue 5 578-587 doi: 10.1093/jmedent/36.5.578
Oliver JH, Magnarelli LA, Hutcheson HJ, Anderson JF.Results of a survey for ixodid ticks and/or serum antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi from 14 species of small to large mammals from eastern coastal areas of the United States are presented. Most samples were obtained from July 1987 through June 1989 (excluding December-March) at 3 locales: Assateague Is. National Seashore, Worcester Co., MD., and Accomack Co., VA. (approximately 38 degrees 05' N 75 degrees 10' W), and Cape Hatteras National Seashore, Dare Co., NC (approximately 35 degrees 30' N 76 degrees 35' W). Hosts sampled included opossums (Didelphis virginiana), least shrews (Cryptotis p... Eastern equine encephalitis virus in Ohio during 1991.
Journal of medical entomology
January 1, 1993
Volume 30, Issue 1 217-222 doi: 10.1093/jmedent/30.1.217
Nasci RS, Berry RL, Restifo RA, Parsons MA, Smith GC, Martin DA.During August and September of 1991, an epizootic of eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus in horses occurred in Wayne and Holmes countries, OH. This was the first recorded epizootic of EEE virus in the state. Twelve horses were confirmed positive for EEE virus through virus isolation or seroconversion, and seven additional horses with compatible symptoms were in close spatial and temporal proximity to the confirmed cases and were presumed to have died from EEE virus. The outbreak was centered around the Killbuck Wildlife Area, a 2,147-ha tract maintained by the state, half of which consists... Infection of aquatic insects with trematode metacercariae carrying Ehrlichia risticii, the cause of Potomac horse fever.
Journal of medical entomology
August 1, 2000
Volume 37, Issue 4 619-625 doi: 10.1603/0022-2585-37.4.619
Chae JS, Pusterla N, Johnson E, Derock E, Lawler SP, Madigan JE.We provide evidence of Ehrlichia risticii Holland, the agent of Potomac horse fever, in trematode stages found in aquatic insects collected from a pasture stream in northern California, using nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and sequence analyses of the 16S rRNA, 51 kDa major antigen and groEL heat shock protein genes. E. risticii was detected in metacercariae found in the immatures and adults of the following insects: caddisflies (Trichoptera), mayflies (Ephemeroptera), damselflies (Odonata, Zygoptera), dragonflies (Odonata, Anisoptera), and stoneflies (Plecoptera). The pr... Ecology and Epidemiology of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus in the Northeastern United States: An Historical Perspective.
Journal of medical entomology
November 5, 2021
Volume 59, Issue 1 1-13 doi: 10.1093/jme/tjab077
Armstrong PM, Andreadis TG.In the current review, we examine the regional history, ecology, and epidemiology of eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) to investigate the major drivers of disease outbreaks in the northeastern United States. EEEV was first recognized as a public health threat during an outbreak in eastern Massachusetts in 1938, but historical evidence for equine epizootics date back to the 1800s. Since then, sporadic disease outbreaks have reoccurred in the Northeast with increasing frequency and northward expansion of human cases during the last 20 yr. Culiseta melanura (Coquillett) (Diptera: Culicidae... Association of Ixodes pacificus (Acari: ixodidae) with the spatial and temporal distribution of equine granulocytic ehrlichiosis in California.
Journal of medical entomology
October 27, 1999
Volume 36, Issue 5 551-561 doi: 10.1093/jmedent/36.5.551
Vredevoe LK, Richter PJ, Madigan JE, Kimsey RB.This study was conducted to determine if the biology of certain ticks associated with horses regulates the spatial and temporal distribution of equine granulocytic ehrlichiosis (EGE) in California north of Monterey County. We compared the spatial and temporal distribution of EGE cases with the seasons of activity and life histories of ticks that infest horses. Spatially, cases collected from equine veterinarians clustered around each other in a manner different from the way in which control cities of practice were distributed, with foci limited to the Sierra Nevada and coastal foothills. Cases... Culicoides obsoletus (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) as a causal agent of Culicoides hypersensitivity (sweet itch) in British Columbia.
Journal of medical entomology
September 1, 1991
Volume 28, Issue 5 685-693 doi: 10.1093/jmedent/28.5.685
Anderson GS, Belton P, Kleider N.Six horses severely affected by a seasonal dermatitis similar in both histopathology and epidemiology to Culicoides hypersensitivity (CH) and six unaffected or normal horses were inoculated intradermally with an extract of Culicoides obsoletus (Meigen), the most common Culicoides in southwestern British Columbia. Affected horses developed large welts within 20 min after injection, representing an immediate (type I) reaction; welts were largest 24 h or more after challenge, indicating in addition a delayed (type IV) reaction. This reaction was discernible for greater than 3 wk in some of the af... Eastern equine encephalitis in Tennessee: 2002-2008.
Journal of medical entomology
June 12, 2012
Volume 49, Issue 3 731-738 doi: 10.1603/me11151
Mukherjee S, Moody EE, Lewokzco K, Huddleston DB, Huang J, Rowland ME, Wilson R, Dunn JR, Jones TF, Moncayo AC.Human and equine outbreaks caused by eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus (EEEV) typically occur in North America adjacent to coastal wetlands associated with the presence of Culiseta melanura (Coquillet) mosquitoes. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) is an emerging disease in Tennessee, as the first records of equine disease began in 2002. In 2006 we trapped and tested mosquitoes for EEEV at hardwood swamps in western Tennessee that were at the epicenter of a multi-equine outbreak in fall of 2005. Additionally, the Tennessee Valley Authority tested mosquito pools collected in Tennessee ... Host blood meal identification by multiplex polymerase chain reaction for dispersal evidence of stable flies (Diptera:Muscidae) between livestock facilities.
Journal of medical entomology
February 23, 2011
Volume 48, Issue 1 53-60 doi: 10.1603/me10123
Pitzer JB, Kaufman PE, Tenbroeck SH, Maruniak JE.A species-specific multiplex polymerase chain reaction targeting the cytochrome b gene of cattle, horses, humans, and dogs was developed to determine the blood meal sources of stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), collected from Florida equine facilities. Of 595 presumptive blood-fed stable flies analyzed, successful host amplification was obtained in 350, for a field host-detection efficiency of 58.8%. The majority of analyzed stable flies had fed on cattle (64.6%), followed by horses (24.3%), humans (9.5%), and dogs (1.6%). A survey of animal-enclosed pastures occurring within 3 km of stab... A mark-recapture method for measuring effects of spatial separation of horses on tabanid (Diptera) movement between hosts.
Journal of medical entomology
May 26, 1983
Volume 20, Issue 3 301-305 doi: 10.1093/jmedent/20.3.301
Foil L.No abstract available Survey of Trypanosoma and Leishmania in wild and domestic animals in an Atlantic rainforest fragment and surroundings in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil.
Journal of medical entomology
June 6, 2014
Volume 51, Issue 3 686-693 doi: 10.1603/me13177
Acosta Ida C, Da Costa AP, Gennari SM, Marcili A.Trypanosoma and Leishmania infections affect wild and domestic animals and human populations. The growing process of deforestation and urbanization of Atlantic Rainforest areas has given rise to introduction of humans and domestic animals to the sylvatic cycles of Trypanosoma and Leishmania species. Serological, parasitological, and molecular surveys among wild and domestic animals in the Corrego do Veado Biological Reserve, which is an Atlantic Rainforest fragment in the state of Espírito Santo, southeastern Brazil, were evaluated. In total, 154 wild animals of 25 species and 67 domestic ani... Epizootiology of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in upstate New York, USA. III. Population dynamics and vector potential of adult Culiseta morsitans (Diptera: Culicidae).
Journal of medical entomology
July 1, 1981
Volume 18, Issue 4 313-316 doi: 10.1093/jmedent/18.4.313
Morris CD, Zimmerman RH.No abstract available Immunotherapy trial for horses in British Columbia with Culicoides (Diptera:Ceratopogonidae) hypersensitivity.
Journal of medical entomology
May 1, 1996
Volume 33, Issue 3 458-466 doi: 10.1093/jmedent/33.3.458
Anderson GS, Belton P, Jahren E, Lange H, Kleider N.Immunotherapy was used to treat horses in British Columbia for Culicoides hypersensitivity. This is a severe, chronic, recurrent allergic disease of horses that results in severe irritation, large lesions, hair loss and secondary infection in the ventral midline, mane, and proximal region of the tail. A crude Culicoides extract was injected subcutaneously, in increasing doses, into 10 horses that were affected severely by the disease. Weekly doses reduced the clinical signs in 9 of the 10 horses in the 1st yr. Eight horses were treated with a maintenance dose during a 2nd yr. After the 2nd yr,...