Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis.
Periodical
Biochemistry
Pharmacology
Chemistry
Pharmaceutical
Pharmaceutical Preparations
Publisher:
Pergamon Press,. London : Elsevier Science (2006)
Frequency: Eighteen no. a year, 1999-
Country: England
Language: English
Start Year:1983 -
ISSN:
0731-7085 (Print)
1873-264X (Electronic)
0731-7085 (Linking)
1873-264X (Electronic)
0731-7085 (Linking)
Impact Factor
3.4
2022
| NLM ID: | 8309336 |
| (DNLM): | J34330000(s) |
| (OCoLC): | 08237858 |
| Coden: | JPBADA |
| LCCN: | sc 84008057 |
| Classification: | W1 JO828W |
The determination of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs by GC-MS-MS in equine urine.
Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
January 1, 1989
Volume 7, Issue 12 1617-1622 doi: 10.1016/0731-7085(89)80173-6
de Jong EG, Kiffers J, Maes RA.Results are given for a more sensitive screening procedure for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs using GC-MS-MS. By monitoring a selected characteristic reaction for each drug very low detection limits are reached even in a difficult biological matrix such as equine urine. Detection down to 5 ng ml-1 for ibuprofen, ibufenac, alclofenac, fenoprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen and diclofenac is possible in contrast to the 0.5 microgram ml-1 limit for normal GC-MS detection. Examples are given of real positive cases for diclofenac and ibuprofen. Isolation of meclofenamic acid and two metabolites from equine urine–a comparison between horse and man.
Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
January 1, 1986
Volume 4, Issue 2 171-179 doi: 10.1016/0731-7085(86)80039-5
Johansson IM, Anlér EL, Bondesson U, Schubert B.Two metabolites of meclofenamic acid have been isolated from equine urine. Both metabolites are found to be monohydroxylated forms of meclofenamic acid by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after extractive alkylation. The parent drug and the metabolites are separated by reversed-phase liquid chromatography on a Spherisorb ODS column, using methanol-phosphate buffer eluents and UV detection at 280 nm. The structure of the metabolites is discussed on the basis of LC, TLC and GC-MS data. Identification of betamethasone and a major metabolite in equine urine.
Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
January 1, 1986
Volume 4, Issue 3 327-331 doi: 10.1016/0731-7085(86)80054-1
Skrabalak DS, Henion JD.Betamethasone and its major unconjugated metabolite, 6-beta-hydroxybetamethasone, were detected in equine urine by thin-layer chromatography and characterized by micro-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (micro-LC/MS). Their structures were confirmed by a combination of infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Determination of flunixin in equine plasma by reversed-phase liquid chromatography.
Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
January 1, 1984
Volume 2, Issue 3-4 501-508 doi: 10.1016/0731-7085(84)80053-9
Johansson IM, Schubert B.Flunixin is determined in equine plasma by liquid chromatography on LiChrosorb RP-18 with 70% methanol in phosphate buffer pH 3.1 as the eluent, with detection at 284 nm. Plasma is deproteinized with methanol and the supernatant is then injected directly into the system. With a short pre-column (5 x 3 mm i.d.), which is replaced after 25-40 injections of sample, 420 plasma samples could be analysed on one analytical column. The detection limit in plasma is 0.30 micromol/l (89 ng/ml) and the method can be used in pharmacokinetic studies. LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of clarithromycin, rifampicin and their main metabolites in horse plasma, epithelial lining fluid and broncho-alveolar cells.
Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
January 22, 2011
Volume 55, Issue 1 194-201 doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.01.019
Oswald S, Peters J, Venner M, Siegmund W.Clarithromycin (CLA) is a well established macrolide antibiotic which is frequently used in therapy of airway diseases in foals. It is extensively metabolized by CYP3A4 resulting in the antimicrobial active metabolite 14-hydroxyclarithromycin (OH-CLA). Rifampicin (RIF) is often comedicated to prevent resistance and augment therapy. RIF is a known inducer for metabolizing enzymes and transporter proteins. Therefore, comedication might bare the risks of pharmacokinetic drug interactions which were investigated in a clinical trial. As no adequate method to determine CLA, RIF and their main metabo... Simultaneous quantification of free curcuminoids and their metabolites in equine plasma by LC-ESI-MS/MS.
Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
March 7, 2018
Volume 154 31-39 doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.03.014
Liu Y, Siard M, Adams A, Keowen ML, Miller TK, Garza F, Andrews FM, Seeram NP.The human health benefits attributed to turmeric/curcumin spice has resulted in its wide utilization as a dietary supplement for companion pets and other animals including horses. While the quantification of free curcuminoids (curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, bisdemethoxycurcumin) and their phase-2 metabolites (curcumin-O-sulfate, curcumin-O-glucuronide) have been extensively investigated in human and rodent biological samples (primarily plasma and serum), there is lack of similar data for horses. Herein, we report a validated LC-ESI-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantification of the aforemen... An optimized TaqMan real-time PCR method for authentication of ASINI CORII COLLA (donkey-hide gelatin).
Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
March 15, 2019
Volume 170 196-203 doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.03.028
Zhang W, Cui S, Cheng XL, Wei F, Ma S.In this study, probe/primers of high specificity and sensitivity were selected to analyze donkey-hide gelatin for donkey DNA and to look for horse, ox, and pig DNA as possible adulterants. The mitochondrial CO I genes in donkey, horse, and ox were selected as target sequences for design and synthesis of three pairs of specific probes and primers. In addition, eight pairs of probe/primers were obtained via literature search. Out of these eleven groups of probe/primers, those with the highest specificity and sensitivity were selected, which was fulfilled by the screening firstly with animal hide... Determination of xylazine and its metabolites by GC-MS in equine urine for doping analysis.
Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
March 20, 2004
Volume 35, Issue 1 107-116 doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2003.12.007
Spyridaki MH, Lyris E, Georgoulakis I, Kouretas D, Konstantinidou M, Georgakopoulos CG.Xylazine and its main metabolites were detected in equine urine after a single-dose intravenous administration of 0.98 and 1.01 mg/kg body weight xylazine, respectively, in two horses, in order to be used for equine doping control routine analysis. The urine levels of the parent drug and its metabolites were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Xylazine is metabolised rapidly, down to a concentration level of about 1.0 microg/ml after 1-3h administration. Seven metabolites were identified in urine. 4-Hydroxy-xylazine, the major metabolite, could be traced for 25 h and... Doping control analysis of 121 prohibited substances in equine hair by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
June 1, 2018
Volume 158 189-203 doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.05.043
Wong JKY, Choi TLS, Kwok KY, Lei ENY, Wan TSM.Equine hair is becoming an increasingly popular biological matrix for doping control of horse sports; one of the reasons for this is the significantly longer detection window hair can offer. Hair analysis opens up the opportunity for longitudinal monitoring of drug exposure which would otherwise not be possible with the more traditional and common biological matrices, such as urine and blood. As such, there is a need for more multi-target screening methods covering a broad range of prohibited substances in equine hair at the required sensitivities for equine doping control. This paper describe... Concept of sample-specific correction of immunoassay results for precise and accurate IgG quantification in horse plasma.
Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
October 28, 2018
Volume 164 276-282 doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.10.020
Halassy B, Kurtović T, Lang Balija M, Brgles M, Tunjić M, Sviben D.The hyperimmune horse plasma (HHP), prepared through active immunisation of horses with an antigen of interest, is the most common starting material for antitoxin (animal antibody-based therapeutics) production. Precise IgG quantification in plasma is a prerequisite for accurate estimation of the purification process efficiency. Although immunoglobulins from HHP have been purified for over a century, there is still no in vitro method for precise and accurate determination of IgG content in HHP. For this reason, the purification process efficiency has been assessed by antibody activity measurem... Determination of pergolide in horse plasma by UPLC-MS/MS for pharmacokinetic applications.
Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
January 24, 2014
Volume 94 54-57 doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.01.016
Jacobson GA, Pirie A, Edwards S, Hughes KJ, Rendle DI, Davies NW.Pergolide, an ergot-derived dopamine D2 receptor agonist, is used extensively as an orally administered treatment for pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) in horses. One of the barriers associated with pergolide determinations in plasma for pharmacokinetic applications has been the technically demanding requirement for sensitivity. The objective of our work was to develop a simple assay for the determination of pergolide in plasma and demonstrate its potential application in the study of pergolide pharmacokinetics (PK) in horses. A UPLC-MS/MS assay was developed with a simple sample pr... Toxicological effects of some antiparasitic drugs on equine liver glutathione S-Transferase enzyme activity.
Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
December 17, 2019
Volume 180 113048 doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.113048
Turkan F, Harbi Calimli M, Akgun A, Gulbagca F, Sen F.Benzimidazoles are antiparasitic drugs having an extensive application field like agriculture, medicine, and especially in veterinary medicine. In this study, we report the effect of some benzimidazole drugs such as ricobendazole (RBZ), thiabendazole (TBZ), albendazole (ALBA) and oxfendazole (OFZ) on glutathione s-transferase (GST) enzyme activity. The kinetics studies, IC and Ki values of the tested drugs on GSTs enzyme activity were investigated. The obtained ranking of IC values were found to be approximately RBZ (53.31 μM, r 0.9778) < OFZ (57.75 μM, r 0.9630) < ALBA (63.00 μM, r 0... Analysis of exogenous nandrolone metabolite in horse urine by gas chromatography/combustion/carbon isotope ratio mass spectrometry.
Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
July 10, 2007
Volume 45, Issue 4 654-658 doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.07.005
Yamada M, Kinoshita K, Kurosawa M, Saito K, Nakazawa H.Nandrolone (17beta-hydroxy-4-estren-3-one, NAD) is an endogenous steroid hormone; thus, the detection of its metabolites is not conclusive of NAD doping in racehorses. NAD doping control in male horses is based on the threshold, namely, the concentration ratio of 5alpha-estran-3beta,17alpha-diol (ETA) to 5(10)-estren-3beta,17alpha-diol (ETE). The ETA/ETE ratio of 1/1 was determined based on statistical data of authentic horses in International Federation of Horseracing Authorities. To individuals with complex metabolic disorders, however, such a threshold might not be applicable. The aim of th... First evidence of the incorporation of daprodustat and other hypoxia-inducible factor stabilizers into equine hair by passive transfer based on segmental quantitative analysis.
Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
July 24, 2023
Volume 235 115600 doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115600
Ishii H, Shibuya M, Kusano K, Sone Y, Kamiya T, Wakuno A, Ito H, Miyata K, Yamada M, Leung GN.Daprodustat is a hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase domain (HIF-PHD) inhibitor and is used as an erythropoiesis stimulant for the treatment of anemia in humans. In general, administering daprodustat to horses will result in a lifetime ban from both equestrian sports and horseracing by the International Federation of Horseracing Authorities and the Fédération Équestre Internationale, respectively. To control the misuse/abuse of daprodustat, we conducted nasoesophageal administration of daprodustat (100 mg/day for 3 days) to three thoroughbred mares and the post-administration hair ... Screening of anabolic steroids in horse urine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
May 3, 2005
Volume 37, Issue 5 1031-1038 doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.08.041
Yu NH, Ho EN, Leung DK, Wan TS.Anabolic steroids have the capability of improving athletic performance and are banned substances in the Olympic games as well as in horseracing and equestrian competitions. The control of their abuse in racehorses is traditionally performed by detecting the presence of anabolic steroids and/or their metabolite(s) in urine samples using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). However, this approach usually requires tedious sample processing and chemical derivatisation steps and could be very insensitive in detecting certain steroids. This paper describes a high performance liquid chromat... A rapid and eco-friendly method for determination of the main components of gamma-oryzanol in equestrian dietary and nutritional supplements by liquid chromatography-Tandem mass spectrometry.
Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
April 28, 2019
Volume 172 339-348 doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.04.029
Waraksa E, Kowalski K, Kłodzińska E, Rola R, Ciekot J, Filipiak W, Bieńkowski T, Namieśnik J.Gamma-oryzanol (GO) has gained special attention in the equine sports industry in recent years due to its touted properties, including the fact that it may cause anabolic effects on muscle growth and reduce fatigue. Many manufactures offer supplements containing GO as a naturally occurring anabolic substance; however, some producers do not declare its presence in product compositions. Taking into consideration the touted properties of GO, its ambiguous effectiveness and the open character of the Prohibited Substances List established by the Fédération Equestre Internationale, there is an urg... Simultaneous determination of ibuprofen and its metabolites in complex equine urine matrices by GC-EI-MS in excretion study in view of doping control.
Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
February 5, 2018
Volume 152 279-288 doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.02.004
Waraksa E, Wójtowicz-Zawadka M, Kwiatkowska D, Jarek A, Małkowska A, Wrzesień R, Namieśnik J.A novel assay for the simultaneous determination of ibuprofen (IBU) and its four probable metabolites, 1-hydroxyibuprofen (1-OH IBU), 2-hydroxyibuprofen (2-OH IBU), 3-hydroxyibuprofen (3-OH IBU) and carboxyibuprofen (CBX IBU) in equine urine samples with the application of Gas Chromatography-Electron Ionization-Mass Spectrometry (GC-EI-MS) has been developed and elaborated. The new approach for sample preparation including minimizing matrix effects by the application of weak cation exchange solid-phase extraction together with strong cation exchange solid-phase extraction has been applied. The... A hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent-based vortex-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction applied for doping control of aromatase inhibitors from equine urine.
Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
July 14, 2023
Volume 234 115583 doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115583
Chen Q, Wang Z, Chen H.Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) can indirectly cause increased testosterone in animals, which leads to the improvement of the athletic ability of horses. For the protection of horses and the consideration of fair competition, AIs were listed as prohibited drugs by the Federation Equestre Internationale (FEI). There were several disadvantages using traditional pretreatment methods before analyzing these drugs from biological samples. A rapid and green pretreatment method has been developed by utilizing the hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent (DES)-based vortex-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction (D... Characterization of bromhexine and ambroxol in equine urine: effect of furosemide on identification and confirmation.
Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
January 1, 1991
Volume 9, Issue 1 33-39 doi: 10.1016/0731-7085(91)80234-z
Uboh CE, Rudy JA, Soma LR, Fennell M, May L, Sams R, Railing FA, Shellenberger J, Kahler M.The purpose of this study was two-fold: (1) to develop a simple and sensitive screening procedure for identifying and confirming bromhexine and ambroxol and, (2) to determine the effect of furosemide on the detection of bromhexine, ambroxol, or their metabolites in urine. Female horses (450-550 kg) treated with bromhexine or ambroxol (1 g, p.o.) were used. Urine samples were collected up to 48 h post-drug administration and analysed. Blind samples were used in evaluating the sensitivity of these methods and reproducibility of the results. Bromhexine and ambroxol were extensively metabolized in... Pharmacokinetics of intravenous and oral prethcamide in horses.
Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
February 1, 1997
Volume 15, Issue 5 639-651 doi: 10.1016/s0731-7085(96)01885-7
Sams RA, Gerken DF, Ashcraft SM.The respiratory stimulant prethcamide is a mixture of equal parts of crotethamide and cropropamide. A specific and sensitive gas chromatographic method for the determination of crotethamide and cropropamide in horse plasma and urine is described. Both components of prethcamide were extracted from plasma and urine into dichloromethane. The extracts were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography with thermionic detection in the nitrogen-specific detection mode. The lower limits of quantitation were 4.0 ng ml-1 of plasma and 10.0 ng ml-1 of urine. Calibration curves were linear from 2.0-100 ng ml-... Online turbulent flow extraction coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for high throughput screening of anabolic steroids in horse urine.
Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
June 19, 2017
Volume 145 46-51 doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.06.036
Shin HD, Suh JH, Kim J, Cho HD, Lee SD, Han KS, Wang Y, Han SB.A high throughput method for simultaneous screening of anabolic steroids and their metabolites (4-esterendione, trenbolone, boldenone, oxandrolone, nandrolone, methandrostenolone, testosterone, 1-androstendione, ethisterone, normethandrolone, methyltestosterone, 16β-Hydroxystanozolol, epitestosterone, bolasterone, norethandrolone, danazol, stanozolol and androstadienone) in equine urine by online turbulent flow extraction coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was developed. The use of turbulent flow chromatography could simplify pretreatment of horse urine, which has com... The determination of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs by GC-MS-MS in equine urine.
Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
January 1, 1989
Volume 7, Issue 12 1617-1622 doi: 10.1016/0731-7085(89)80173-6
de Jong EG, Kiffers J, Maes RA.Results are given for a more sensitive screening procedure for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs using GC-MS-MS. By monitoring a selected characteristic reaction for each drug very low detection limits are reached even in a difficult biological matrix such as equine urine. Detection down to 5 ng ml-1 for ibuprofen, ibufenac, alclofenac, fenoprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen and diclofenac is possible in contrast to the 0.5 microgram ml-1 limit for normal GC-MS detection. Examples are given of real positive cases for diclofenac and ibuprofen. In vivo and in vitro metabolism of the designer anabolic steroid furazadrol in thoroughbred racehorses.
Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
February 26, 2016
Volume 124 198-206 doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.02.031
Waller CC, Cawley AT, Suann CJ, Ma P, McLeod MD.Furazadrol ([1',2']isoxazolo[4',5':2,3]-5α-androstan-17β-ol) is a designer anabolic androgenic steroid that is readily available via the internet. It contains an isoxazole fused to the steroid A-ring which offers metabolic stability and noteworthy anabolic activity raising concerns over the potential for abuse of this compound in equine sports. The metabolism of furazadrol was studied by in vivo and in vitro methods for the first time. Urinary furazadrol 17-sulfate and furazadrol 17-glucuronide metabolites were detected in vivo after a controlled administration and compared with syntheticall... Characterization of in vivo plasma metabolites of tepoxalin in horses using LC-MS-MS.
Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
March 30, 2011
Volume 56, Issue 1 45-53 doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.03.028
Giorgi M, Mengozzi G, Raffaelli A, Saba A.Tepoxalin is a veterinary drug registered for use in the dog as a dual inhibitor (cyclooxygenase-5 lipoxygenase). In the horse, it predominantly triggers a strong cyclooxygenase inhibition; this bias seems to be due to the action of its metabolite(s). Among these, only the RWJ-20142 is well known, while to the best of our knowledge no information is available on the other metabolites produced in vivo. Hence, the identification of its main metabolic pathway is pivotal to better understand its clinical activity. A suitable high performance liquid chromatography method has been applied to liquid ... Identification and quantification of metabolites common to 17alpha-methyltestosterone and mestanolone in horse urine.
Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
June 30, 2007
Volume 45, Issue 1 125-133 doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.06.020
Yamada M, Aramaki S, Okayasu T, Hosoe T, Kurosawa M, Kijima-Suda I, Saito K, Nakazawa H.Anabolic steroids with the 17alpha-methyl,17beta-hydroxyl group, which were developed as oral formulations for therapeutic purposes, have been abused in the field of human sports. These anabolic steroids are also used to enhance racing performance in racehorses. In humans, structurally related 17alpha-methyltestosterone (MTS) and mestanolone (MSL), which are anabolic steroids with the 17alpha-methyl,17beta-hydroxyl group, have metabolites in common. The purpose of this study was to determine metabolites common to these two steroids in horses, which may serve as readily available screening targ... Rapid extraction and detection of mazindol in horse urine.
Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
January 1, 1990
Volume 8, Issue 5 445-448 doi: 10.1016/0731-7085(90)80073-x
Moore CM, Tebbett IR, Kalita S, Artememko M.No abstract available Equine in vivo metabolite profiling of the selective androgen receptor modulator LGD-3303 for doping control.
Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
May 18, 2023
Volume 233 115468 doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115468
Broberg MN, Knych H, Bondesson U, Pettersson C, Tidstedt B, Stanley S, Thevis M, Hedeland M.LGD-3303 is a Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator (SARM) that is prohibited in both equine and human sports due to its anabolic properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the equine in vivo metabolite profile of LGD-3303 and identify drug metabolites that can be suitable as new and improved analytical targets for equine doping control. This was performed by an oral administration of 0.05 mg·kg LGD-3303 to horses, where blood and urine samples were collected up to 96 h after administration. The in vivo samples consisting of plasma, urine and hydrolyzed urine were analyzed utilizi... Isolation of meclofenamic acid and two metabolites from equine urine–a comparison between horse and man.
Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
January 1, 1986
Volume 4, Issue 2 171-179 doi: 10.1016/0731-7085(86)80039-5
Johansson IM, Anlér EL, Bondesson U, Schubert B.Two metabolites of meclofenamic acid have been isolated from equine urine. Both metabolites are found to be monohydroxylated forms of meclofenamic acid by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after extractive alkylation. The parent drug and the metabolites are separated by reversed-phase liquid chromatography on a Spherisorb ODS column, using methanol-phosphate buffer eluents and UV detection at 280 nm. The structure of the metabolites is discussed on the basis of LC, TLC and GC-MS data. ELISA screening with GC-MS confirmation of the tranquilizer chlorprothixene administered in subtherapeutic doses to horses.
Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
July 1, 1993
Volume 11, Issue 7 569-575 doi: 10.1016/0731-7085(93)80007-n
Delbeke FT, Teale P, Debackere M, Houghton E.A commercially available generic promazine ELISA kit is available which shows cross-reactivity for the tranquilizer chlorprothixene (CPT). The ELISA test readily detects the presence of CPT or its metabolites in equine urine for up to 24 h after the i.v. and i.m. administration of sub-therapeutic doses (4.5 mg) to three horses. Maximum concentrations (CPT equivalents) are obtained 2 h after i.v. dosing. No distinct concentration peak values are observed after i.m. administration. Following solid-phase extraction, confirmation of CPT and its metabolites by electron impact mass spectrometry afte... Determination of flunixin in equine plasma by reversed-phase liquid chromatography.
Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
January 1, 1984
Volume 2, Issue 3-4 501-508 doi: 10.1016/0731-7085(84)80053-9
Johansson IM, Schubert B.Flunixin is determined in equine plasma by liquid chromatography on LiChrosorb RP-18 with 70% methanol in phosphate buffer pH 3.1 as the eluent, with detection at 284 nm. Plasma is deproteinized with methanol and the supernatant is then injected directly into the system. With a short pre-column (5 x 3 mm i.d.), which is replaced after 25-40 injections of sample, 420 plasma samples could be analysed on one analytical column. The detection limit in plasma is 0.30 micromol/l (89 ng/ml) and the method can be used in pharmacokinetic studies. Disposition of human drug preparations in the horse. II. Orally administered fencamfamine.
Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
September 1, 1992
Volume 10, Issue 9 651-656 doi: 10.1016/0731-7085(92)80093-3
Delbeke FT, Debackere M.A gas chromatographic method to measure urinary levels of the central nervous system stimulant fencamfamine and some of its metabolites is described. When 100 mg fencamfamine was given orally to four horses the parent drug could not be detected in the urine. After enzymatic hydrolysis of the urine the major human metabolite, N-desethylated fencamfamine, only accounted for 1% of the dose in 12 h. The major equine metabolites were conjugated parahydroxylated compounds representing 18% of the dose. With regard to horse doping control and analysis, the injudicious use of human doping routine metho... In vivo biotransformation of metoprolol in the horse and on-column esterification of the aminocarboxylic acid metabolite by alcohols during solid phase extraction using mixed mode columns.
Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
September 15, 2005
Volume 40, Issue 1 75-81 doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.12.035
Dumasia MC.The in vivo biotransformation of metoprolol tartrate in the thoroughbred racehorse was studied after administration of a single oral dose. Metoprolol and its basic and bifunctional phase I metabolites were isolated from urine and plasma using mixed mode solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridges. The isolates were derivatised as trimethylsilyl ethers and analysed by capillary column gas chromatography--positive ion electron ionisation and ammonia chemical ionisation mass spectrometry. Metabolism was primarily confined to the oxidative transformations of the p-(2-methoxy)ethyl substituent. Metopro... Detection and disposition of tolmetin in the horse.
Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
March 20, 2003
Volume 31, Issue 4 723-730 doi: 10.1016/s0731-7085(02)00687-8
Van Eenoo P, Delbeke FT, Roels K, Baert K.Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are prohibited by the International Federation of Horse Racing Authorities but are commonly used in veterinary practice. Plasma and urinary concentrations of the NSAID tolmetin were determined by a high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure with UV detection following oral administration of a dose of 1 g to six fasted untrained standard bred mares. With a limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 0.05 microg/ml tolmetin was present in plasma for 9-12 h post-administration. Maximum concentrations of 2.1+/-0.89 microg/ml were found after 0.7+/-0.25 h. T... Identification of betamethasone and a major metabolite in equine urine.
Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
January 1, 1986
Volume 4, Issue 3 327-331 doi: 10.1016/0731-7085(86)80054-1
Skrabalak DS, Henion JD.Betamethasone and its major unconjugated metabolite, 6-beta-hydroxybetamethasone, were detected in equine urine by thin-layer chromatography and characterized by micro-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (micro-LC/MS). Their structures were confirmed by a combination of infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.