Omneity® Pellets
All-In-One Vitamin & Mineral Pellet
Journal of veterinary emergency and critical care
Publisher:
Veterinary Emergency & Critical Care Society,. Malden, MA : Blackwell (2005)
Frequency: Quarterly
Country: United States
Language: English
Author(s):
Veterinary Emergency & Critical Care Society., American College of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care.
Start Year:2001 -
ISSN:
1479-3261 (Print)
1476-4431 (Electronic)
1476-4431 (Linking)
1476-4431 (Electronic)
1476-4431 (Linking)
Impact Factor
2.6
2023
| NLM ID: | 1011528048708660 |
| (OCoLC): | 47104087 |
| LCCN: | 2001220140 |
| Classification: | W1 JO97NT |
Treatment of mycotic rhinitis with itraconazole in three horses. Itraconazole, a third-generation azole, was evaluated for treatment of resistant nasal mycotic infections in horses. Two horses with Aspergillus spp nasal granulomas and 1 horse with Conidiobolus coronatus nasal infection were treated with itraconazole (3 mg/kg PO bid). One of the horses with nasal aspergillosis was also treated by surgical resection of the nasal septum. The treatment time for the horses ranged from 3 to 4.5 months. No adverse effects were noted in any of the horses during the treatment period. Peak and trough serum itraconazole concentrations were < 0.5 micrograms/mL in al...
Studies on oral transmission of Potomac horse fever. Eight normal ponies placed in direct contact with ponies experimentally infected with Ehrlichia risticii for 30 to 90 days did not develop signs of Potomac horse fever. They also did not seroconvert, and they remained susceptible to IV infection. One of 8 ponies that were force fed fresh feces from infected ponies while in direct contact with ponies experimentally infected with E. risticii developed Potomac horse fever and seroconverted. The other 7 remained asymptomatic, did not seroconvert, and were susceptible to IV infection. Six of 9 ponies inoculated with E. risticii via nasogastric intu...
Tetanus in the horse: a review of 20 cases (1970 to 1990). The case records of 20 horses with tetanus referred to the Ontario Veterinary College-Veterinary Teaching Hospital between 1970 and 1990 were reviewed. The fatality rate was 75%. There was a strong association with previous vaccination and survival (P = .03). Most of the animals had been injured an average of 9 days (range 2 to 21 days) prior to development of clinical signs. Hyperesthesia and prolapse of the third eyelid were the most common clinical signs. Treatment regimens varied during hospitalization; however, all horses received parenteral penicillin, tranquilizers, tetanus toxoid, and ...
Heparin: a review of its pharmacology and therapeutic use in horses. Heparin is used clinically in horses to treat hemostatic abnormalities associated with severe gastrointestinal disease, septicemia, and endotoxemia. The primary anticoagulant effect of heparin is through the suppression of thrombin-dependent amplification of the coagulation cascade, and inhibition of thrombin-mediated conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. Heparin may be of benefit in preventing the complications associated with hypercoagulable states such as jugular vein thrombosis, laminitis, and organ failure. Heparin may also be beneficial in the prevention of intraabdominal adhesions after g...
Pancytopenia secondary to lymphoid leukemia in three horses. Pancytopenia was observed in two 3-year-old geldings and one 11-year-old mare. All horses had a brief history (2 days to 4 weeks) of fever, anorexia, and depression. One of the three horses had blast cells present on a peripheral blood smear. Examination of the bone marrow showed substantial infiltration with neoplastic lymphoid cells. At necropsy, neoplastic cells were restricted to the bone marrow in one horse, present in bone marrow, liver, and spleen in the second horse, and reported in multiple tissues in the third horse, including bone marrow, kidneys, lung, myocardium and lymph nodes. T...
Preliminary report: the development of an intraosseous infusion technique for neonatal foals. Six normal foals between the ages of 2 and 7 days were used in this study to develop a technique for intraosseous infusion in equine neonates. A 14-gauge 1/2-inch needle was placed intraosseously in the right proximal medial one-third aspect of the radius and tibia of each foal. A maximum of 1 L of isotonic fluids was administered intraosseously at these sites. Radiographs were taken at the time of intraosseous needle placement, and at days 10, 30, and 60 following the procedure. The mean time for needle placement was 33 seconds for the tibia and 63 seconds for the radius. The mean fluid flow ...
Plasma endotoxin concentrations in clinically normal and potentially septic equine neonates. Plasma endotoxin concentrations were measured at 1 to 2 and 5 to 6 days of age in clinically normal foals and in potentially septic neonatal foals admitted to North Carolina State University's Veterinary Teaching Hospital for a variety of conditions. In 1 to 2 and 5 to 6 day old normal foals, median plasma endotoxin concentrations were 2.17 (range, 1.61-2.54; n = 6) and 2.89 (range, 2.61-3.50; n = 7) endotoxin units/mL (EU/mL), respectively. Median plasma endotoxin concentration in potentially septic foals with negative blood cultures or gram positive isolates (n = 8) was 2.73 (range, 0.59-4.0...
Bronchointerstitial pneumonia and respiratory distress in young horses: clinical, clinicopathologic, radiographic, and pathological findings in 23 cases (1984-1989). Twenty-three foals, between 1 and 7 months old, with signs of acute respiratory distress, were examined at the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (VMTH), University of California, Davis, between 1984 and 1989. Characteristic features included sudden onset of severe respiratory distress and tachypnea, cyanosis unresponsive to nasal oxygen, pyrexia, hypoxemia, hypercapneic respiratory acidosis, poor response to treatment, and histopathologic lesions of bronchiolitis and bronchointerstitial pneumonia. Seven of the 23 foals were normal before the onset of respiratory distress, 3 foals were found...
Urinary indices of horses after intravenous administration of crystalloid solutions. Saline or glucose solution was infused for approximately 4 hours into six healthy mares in two separate experiments to determine the effect of infusion of crystalloid solutions on fractional excretion (FE) of sodium (Na), chloride (Cl), potassium (K), and phosphorus (P), ratio of urinary creatinine to serum creatinine (UCr/SCr), and ratio of urinary osmolality to serum osmolality (Uosm/Sosm). After intravenous infusion of either saline or glucose solution, FENa, FECl and FEP were significantly increased, whereas UCr/SCr and Uosm/Sosm were significantly decreased. In addition, FEK was significa...
Hypercoagulable state associated with a deficiency of protein C in a thoroughbred colt. Protein C is a vitamin K-dependent serine protease with anticoagulant and profibrinolytic activity which is synthesized in the liver. Decreased protein C activity was detected in a Thoroughbred colt with clinical and histopathologic evidence of recurrent venous thrombosis. Although protein C activity was reduced, protein C antigen concentration was normal. Consumptive coagulopathies produce a decrease in both the functional and antigenic concentrations of protein C, thus a defect in protein C synthesis was suspected. Inhibition of gamma-carboxylation secondary to vitamin K antagonism results i...
Plasma cell myeloma in the horse. A case report and literature review. Plasma cell myelomas in horses have been reported infrequently. Data from 10 cases, 9 from the literature and 1 new case, are used to characterize the disease in the horse. Hot-blooded horses (7/10), specifically Quarter Horses (4/10), were most often affected. Median age at diagnosis was 11 years (range, 3 mo-22 yr) and both male (5) and female horses (5) were represented equally. Clinical findings included weight loss (6/8), anorexia (4/8), fever (4/8), limb edema (4/8), pneumonia (3/8), rear leg paresis/ataxia (3/8), epistaxis (3/8), palpable lymphadenopathy (2/8), and bone pain (2/8). Anem...
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in sibling colts. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus was diagnosed in two full sibling Thoroughbred colts. Each colt had a history of excessive urination. Extreme polydipsia (greater than 80 L per day) was documented in both colts. Inability to concentrate urine in response to water deprivation, infusion of hypertonic saline, or exogenous vasopressin administration indicated insensitivity of the collecting duct epithelial cells to vasopressin. A diagnosis of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus was further supported by a normal increase in plasma vasopressin concentration after water deprivation in the one colt in which ...
Quantitative determination of equine alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in foal and adult serum. Automated and semiautomated assays were developed and validated for the determination of equine alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes including intestinal (IALP), bone (BALP), and liver (LALP). The addition of levamisole selectively inhibited more than 97% of LALP while inhibiting only 55% of IALP. Because these percentages were highly reproducible in an automated system, the IALP activity could be calculated in a sample. Bone alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme was selectively precipitated by adding an equal volume of wheat germ agglutinin (5 mg/mL), incubating for 30 minutes at 37 degrees C, and centri...
Prognostic indicators for horses with duodenitis-proximal jejunitis. 75 horses (1985-1989). The medical records of 75 horses with duodenitis-proximal jejunitis (DPJ) were reviewed. Ages, physical parameters, laboratory values, and treatment data were compared between horses surviving DPJ and horses not surviving DPJ (Table 1). Fifty of 75 horses (66.6%) survived. Sixty-six horses (88.0%) were managed with medical treatment alone and nine horses (12.0%) were managed with medical treatment plus surgical intervention. Using a logistic regression model, the association of each of the 19 physical and laboratory parameters with death was evaluated retrospectively in the 75 horses. Three pa...
Treatment of coccidioidomycosis osteomyelitis with itraconazole in a horse. A brief report. Itraconazole, a tricyclic azole effective against a number of deep mycotic diseases, was used to treat a Quarter Horse filly with coccidioidomycosis. The horse was almost normal after 90 days of treatment. Five months after discontinuing itraconazole treatment, the filly had severe neck pain and neurologic signs from recurrence of coccidioidomycosis and was treated with itraconazole for an additional 6 months. Her clinical condition improved to almost normal and the filly has remained normal for 2 years. There was no evidence of drug toxicity.
Effect of a histamine H2 type receptor antagonist (WY 45, 727) on the healing of gastric ulcers in ponies. Using video gastroscopy, the efficacy of a Histamine-H2 type receptor antagonist (WY 45, 727) was investigated in young ponies with spontaneous and experimentally induced gastric ulcers. Oral administration of WY 45, 727 at 2 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg of body weight every 12 hours for 14 days resulted in complete healing of spontaneous gastric ulcers in the non-glandular portion of the stomach in 2/5 (40%) and 3/4 (75%) of the ponies, respectively, compared (P < 0.05) to 0/5 (0%) placebo-treated ponies. After intramuscular administration of flunixin meglumine at 1.5 mg/kg body weight every 8 hours...
Unusual selective immunoglobulin deficiency in an Arabian foal. A 10-month-old Arabian foal was evaluated for a suspected immunoglobulin (Ig) M deficiency. Decreased to nondetectable concentrations of IgM, IgA, and IgG (T), and a normal concentration of IgG, were present. Results of in vitro testing of the blood lymphocyte blastogenesis showed a weak response to the B-cell mitogen, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), but normal responses to T-cell mitogens. Results of postmortem examination showed synovitis of the left tibiotarsal and both scapulohumeral joints. Atrophy and edema of the lymph nodes and lymphocyte depletion in the thymus and spleen were seen. A subac...
Differentiation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia in the horse. A report of two cases. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) was diagnosed in two horses: an 18-year-old Quarter Horse gelding that was examined because of edema of the prepuce and ventral abdomen; and a 20-year-old mixed breed gelding that was referred because of lymphocytosis, ventral edema, and weight loss. The first horse had enlarged peripheral lymph nodes and cool nonpainful pitting edema of the ventral abdomen and prepuce. The second horse had enlarged peripheral lymph nodes, cool nonpainful pitting edema of the ventral thorax and cranial ventral abdomen, and a 3/5 holosystolic heart murmur. The diagnosis of CLL...
Post-transfusion survival of 50Cr-labeled erythrocytes in neonatal foals. Erythrocytes transfused allogeneically into mature horses have a short survival (less than 4 days) compared with an expected erythrocyte life span of 140-150 days. Yet, foals undergo transfusions for neonatal isoerythrolysis successfully. The authors have determined the survival of transfused erythrocytes in neonatal foals, using the stable isotope, 50Cr, to label the erythrocytes. Normal foals underwent transfusions with labeled erythrocytes from three sources: their own erythrocytes (autologous), the erythrocytes of their dam, and the erythrocytes of an unrelated castrated male. After transf...
Prognostic variables for survival of neonatal foals under intensive care. The costly nature of intensive care for neonatal foals prompted a study of predictive variables for survival in a referral hospital. Applying stepforward logistic regression to parameters that differed significantly (P less than 0.10) between survivors (S) and nonsurvivors (NS) in a retrospective study (n = 56), two variables retained statistical significance [anion gap (AG, P = 0.0047) and venous PO2 (PvO2, P = 0.0342)], thus forming the basis for a predictive equation for survival: the Pn (probability of NS) = eA/(1 + eA) where A = -1.46 - 0.107 (PvO2) + 0.213 (AG). The predictive equation w...
Disseminated intravascular coagulation associated with colic in 23 horses (1984-1989). Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) secondary to colic was diagnosed in 23 horses. Each horse was categorized retrospectively as to the cause of the colic based on surgical and/or necropsy findings: group 1 consisted of 14 horses with compromised intestine that required resection and anastomosis; group 2 consisted of 3 horses with nonstrangulating intestinal displacement and/or impactions; and group 3 consisted of 6 horses with colic associated with enteritis and/or colitis. Horses were considered to be affected with DIC if at least three of five hemostatic parameters were significant...
Factors associated with failure of passive transfer of colostral antibodies in Standardbred foals. The records of 361 Standardbred mares and their 1986 or 1987 foals were evaluated to identify factors associated with failure of passive transfer (FPT) of colostral antibodies in equine neonates. Sixty-five foals (18%) were classified as FPT based on a serum immunoglobulin concentration of less than 400 mg/dl at 24 to 36 hours of age, determined by the glutaraldehyde coagulation test. The potential association of mare- and foal-related factors with FPT were assessed by reviewing a series of multiple logistic regression models. The season in which the mare foaled and foal exam score, a subjecti...
Measurements of the accuracy of clinical diagnoses of equine neurologic disease. Parameters for the accuracy of clinical diagnosis of neurologic diseases in the horse were determined from 210 horses in which a definitive pathologic diagnosis was confirmed. The overall efficiency of diagnosis for all diseases was 0.95 although the validity varied from 0.79 to 1.00, the sensitivity varied from 0.73 to 0.95, and the specificity varied from 0.88 to 1.00 for individual disease categories. Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis was overdiagnosed, whereas Eastern equine encephalomyelitis, equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy, and traumatic neurologic disease were underdiagnosed. T...
Unusual patterns of serum antibodies to Streptococcus equi in two horses with purpura hemorrhagica. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for use in horses to determine serum titers of antibodies of the immunoglobulin classes IgA, IgG, and IgM to Streptococcus equi M-like protein and culture supernatant protein antigens. Serum antibodies were determined in 28 adult horses, including 9 horses with recent S. equi infections, 17 horses without known exposure to S. equi, but without a history of respiratory disease in the preceding 4 months, and 2 horses with clinical purpura hemorrhagica. Serum IgA titers to culture supernatant protein antigen were highest in recently infec...
Pharmacology of furosemide in the horse: a review. Furosemide, a diuretic, is frequently administered to horses for the prophylaxis of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage and the treatment of a number of clinical conditions, including acute renal failure and congestive heart failure. Furosemide increases the rate of urinary sodium, chloride, and hydrogen ion excretion. Plasma potassium concentration decreases after furosemide administration but urinary potassium excretion in horses is minimally affected. Renal blood flow increases after furosemide administration. Systemically, furosemide increases venous compliance and decreases right atrial...
Thoracic radiographic features of silicosis in 19 horses. Clinical records and thoracic radiographs of 19 horses with a confirmed pathologic diagnosis of silicosis were reviewed. These horses had histories of varying degrees of chronic weight loss, exercise intolerance, and respiratory distress. At the time of presentation, two horses were asymptomatic. Ten horses were geldings and nine were female. The mean age of the 19 horses was 10.7 +/- 5.5 years. Fourteen horses were identified as being from the Monterey-Carmel Peninsula of midcoastal California. An abnormal, structured interstitial pulmonary pattern was identified on thoracic radiographs in ea...
Endotoxemia in horses. A review of cellular and humoral mediators involved in its pathogenesis. Endotoxemia remains the leading cause of death in horses, being intimately involved in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal disorders that cause colic and neonatal foal septicemia. Endotoxins, normally present within the bowel, gain access to the blood across damaged intestinal mucosa, or endotoxemia occurs when gram negative organisms proliferate in tissues. Endotoxins are removed from the circulation by the mononuclear phagocyte system, and the response of mononuclear phagocytes to these lipopolysaccharides (LPS) play an important role in determining the severity of clinical disease. Macroph...
