Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology.
Periodical
Toxicology
Toxins
Biological
Publisher:
Pergamon Press,
Frequency: Monthly
Country: England
Language: English
Author(s):
International Society on Toxinology.
Start Year:1962 -
ISSN:
0041-0101 (Print)
1879-3150 (Electronic)
0041-0101 (Linking)
1879-3150 (Electronic)
0041-0101 (Linking)
Impact Factor
2.8
2022
| NLM ID: | 1307333 |
| (DNLM): | T14000000(s) |
| (OCoLC): | 01767658 |
| Coden: | TOXIA6 |
| Classification: | W1 TO95J |
Purification of F(ab’)2 anti-snake venom by caprylic acid: a fast method for obtaining IgG fragments with high neutralization activity, purity and yield.
Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology
January 1, 1989
Volume 27, Issue 3 297-303 doi: 10.1016/0041-0101(89)90177-3
dos Santos MC, D'Império Lima MR, Furtado GC, Colletto GM, Kipnis TL, Dias da Silva W.Pooled horse plasma containing antibodies against Crotalus durissus terrificus whole venom were digested with pepsin at an enzyme-substrate ratio of 8:1, pH 3.1, for 40 min and the F(ab')2M fragments purified by adding 8.7% caprylic acid (pH 5.0). For comparison, F(ab')2B purified by precipitation with ammonium sulphate and uncleaved IgG purified with caprylic acid were also prepared. Fab' fragments were obtained by reduction and alkylation of F(ab')2B. The anti-whole C.d. terrificus venom titers, determined by Dot-Blot were 12,800 (IgG), 6400 [F(ab')2B], 4800 [F(ab')2M] and 3200 (Fab'B). Immu... Read More
11
Titration of antiserum to South American rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus terrificus) venom by measuring inhibition of phospholipase A2 activity.
Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology
January 1, 1982
Volume 20, Issue 3 563-569 doi: 10.1016/0041-0101(82)90050-2
da Silva MH, Bier OG.Horse antiserum to the venom of Crotalus durissus terrificus, A South American rattlesnake, inhibits the phospholipase activity of the crude venom. There is a close relationship between this inhibitory property and the neutralizing potency of the antiserum in vivo. This may provide the basis for a rigorous standardization of anticrotalid venom in vitro. The effect of proteinase inhibitors on experimentally induced equine E. coli endotoxemia.
Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology
January 1, 1981
Volume 19, Issue 1 189-192 doi: 10.1016/0041-0101(81)90134-3
Burrows GE.No abstract available Caprylic acid fractionation of hyperimmune horse plasma: description of a simple procedure for antivenom production.
Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology
March 1, 1994
Volume 32, Issue 3 351-363 doi: 10.1016/0041-0101(94)90087-6
Rojas G, Jiménez JM, Gutiérrez JM.A simple methodology for hyperimmune horse plasma fractionation, based on caprylic acid precipitation, is described. Optimal conditions for fractionation were studied; the method gives best results when concentrated caprylic acid was added to plasma, whose pH had been adjusted to 5.8, until a final caprylic acid concentration of 5% was reached. The mixture was vigorously stirred during caprylic acid addition and then for 60 min; afterwards the mixture was filtered. Non-immunoglobulin proteins precipitated in these conditions, whereas a highly enriched immunoglobulin preparation was obtained in... Read More
35
Antigenic, microbicidal and antiparasitic properties of an l-amino acid oxidase isolated from Bothrops jararaca snake venom.
Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology
December 11, 2008
Volume 53, Issue 3 330-341 doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.12.004
Ciscotto P, Machado de Avila RA, Coelho EA, Oliveira J, Diniz CG, Farías LM, de Carvalho MA, Maria WS, Sanchez EF, Borges A, Chávez-Olórtegui C.Venoms from the bee Apis mellifera, the caterpillar Lonomia achelous, the spiders Lycosa sp. and Phoneutria nigriventer, the scorpions Tityus bahiensis and Tityus serrulatus, and the snakes Bothrops alternatus, Bothrops jararaca, Bothrops jararacussu, Bothrops moojeni, Bothrops neuwiedi, Crotalus durissus terrificus, and Lachesis muta were assayed (800mug/mL) for activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Venoms from B. jararaca and B. jararacussu showed the highest S. aureus growth inhibition and also against other Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. To characterize the microbicidal compon... Read More
25
Production of potent polyvalent antivenom against three elapid venoms using a low dose, low volume, multi-site immunization protocol.
Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology
August 2, 2001
Volume 39, Issue 10 1487-1494 doi: 10.1016/s0041-0101(01)00108-8
Chotwiwatthanakun C, Pratanaphon R, Akesowan S, Sriprapat S, Ratanabanangkoon K.The purpose of this study was to prepare a potent polyvalent antivenom against three elapids namely, the Thai cobra (Naja kaouthia, NK), the King cobra (Ophiophagus hannah, OH) and the banded krait (Bungarus fasciatus, BF). Two groups of horses were immunized. Group 1, comprising five horses, was immunized twice with a mixture of postsynaptic neurotoxins followed by an additional six immunizations with a mixture of crude venoms of the three elapids. Group 2, comprising four horses, was immunized with a mixture of crude venoms throughout the course. For the first immunization, the immunogens we... Read More
19
Clinical and laboratory alterations in horses during immunization with snake venoms for the production of polyvalent (Crotalinae) antivenom.
Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology
January 1, 1997
Volume 35, Issue 1 81-90 doi: 10.1016/s0041-0101(96)00077-3
Angulo Y, Estrada R, Gutiérrez JM.Six horses were immunized with the venoms of Bothrops asper, Crotalus durissus durissus and Lachesis muta stenophrys for the production of polyvalent (Crotalinae) antivenom. During the immunization, clinical and laboratory alterations were evaluated in these animals, and the development of humoral immune response was followed. Only moderate local tissue changes (edema, abscesses, fistules and fibrosis) were observed in these animals, whereas no systemic alterations occurred. Regarding laboratory tests, there was a drop in hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit, together with an increment in t... Read More
17
Evaluation of health status of horses immunized with snake venom and montanide adjuvants, IMS 3012 (nanoparticle), ISA 206 and ISA 35 (emulsion based) during polyvalent snake antivenom production: hematological and biochemical assessment.
Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology
February 28, 2014
Volume 82 83-92 doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.02.012
Waghmare AB, Salvi NC, Deopurkar RL, Shenoy PA, Sonpetkar JM.Several biochemical and hematological changes in horses are observed during production of snake antivenom. Although conventional adjuvants like Freund's (Complete and Incomplete) are good immunopotentiators, they produce considerable local reactions in animals. Variety of commercial adjuvants, like montanide adjuvants, having high immunopotentiation and showing lesser side effects are available. The prime objective during antivenom production is to strike a balance between safety of immunized horses and efficacy of the product. In our earlier work, efficacy of montanide group of adjuvants in a... Read More
13
Innovative immunization protocols using chimeric recombinant protein for the production of polyspecific loxoscelic antivenom in horses.
Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology
May 28, 2014
Volume 86 59-67 doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.05.007
Figueiredo LF, Dias-Lopes C, Alvarenga LM, Mendes TM, Machado-de-Ávila RA, McCormack J, Minozzo JC, Kalapothakis E, Chávez-Olórtegui C.A chimeric protein (rCpLi) was constructed expressing three epitopes of rLiD1, a dermonecrotic toxin from the venom of Loxosceles intermedia spider. We have analyzed the neutralization potential of sera obtained by immunization of horses with rCpLi and rCpLi combined with initial doses of venoms and compared these with antivenom traditionally produced in horses using crude Loxosceles gaucho, Loxosceles laeta and L. intermedia venoms as antigens. We have demonstrated by ELISA that horses immunized with three initial doses of crude venom containing mixtures of L. intermedia, L. gaucho and L. lae... Read More
13
Anti-loxoscelic horse serum produced against a recombinant dermonecrotic protein of Brazilian Loxosceles intermedia spider neutralize lethal effects of Loxosceles laeta venom from Peru.
Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology
October 30, 2014
Volume 93 37-40 doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.10.023
Duarte CG, Bonilla C, Guimarães G, Machado de Avila RA, Mendes TM, Silva W, Tintaya B, Yarleque A, Chávez-Olórtegui C.In this work, an anti-loxoscelic serum was produced by immunizing horses with a recombinant dermonecrotic protein from Loxosceles intermedia (rLiD1). Anti-rLiD1 antibodies were able to recognize different species of Loxosceles venoms by Western Blot and ELISA. The efficacy of anti-rLiD1 serum against the toxic effects of Loxosceles laeta (Peru) venom was tested, showing that anti-rLiD1 serum can neutralize those effects. This study confirms that recombinant proteins can be good candidates to replace crude venoms for antivenom production. Read More
11
Purification of F(ab’)2 anti-snake venom by caprylic acid: a fast method for obtaining IgG fragments with high neutralization activity, purity and yield.
Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology
January 1, 1989
Volume 27, Issue 3 297-303 doi: 10.1016/0041-0101(89)90177-3
dos Santos MC, D'Império Lima MR, Furtado GC, Colletto GM, Kipnis TL, Dias da Silva W.Pooled horse plasma containing antibodies against Crotalus durissus terrificus whole venom were digested with pepsin at an enzyme-substrate ratio of 8:1, pH 3.1, for 40 min and the F(ab')2M fragments purified by adding 8.7% caprylic acid (pH 5.0). For comparison, F(ab')2B purified by precipitation with ammonium sulphate and uncleaved IgG purified with caprylic acid were also prepared. Fab' fragments were obtained by reduction and alkylation of F(ab')2B. The anti-whole C.d. terrificus venom titers, determined by Dot-Blot were 12,800 (IgG), 6400 [F(ab')2B], 4800 [F(ab')2M] and 3200 (Fab'B). Immu... Read More
11
Myocarditis following envenoming with Vipera palaestinae in two horses.
Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology
December 1, 1993
Volume 31, Issue 12 1623-1628 doi: 10.1016/0041-0101(93)90347-l
Hoffman A, Levi O, Orgad U, Nyska A.Cardiac disease developed several days to weeks after resolution of local inflammation caused by envenoming by Vipera palaestinae in two horses. In one horse (case A), referred to the hospital for recurrent abdominal pain 8 days after envenoming, a tachyarrhythmia was detected; ventricular premature depolarizations were diagnosed by ECG. A second horse (case B) was found dead without premonitory signs 60 days after envenoming. In both horses, there was extensive necrosis of cardiac ventricular tissues. Read More
10
Stability of equine IgG antivenoms obtained by caprylic acid precipitation: towards a liquid formulation stable at tropical room temperature.
Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology
August 13, 2009
Volume 53, Issue 6 609-615 doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.01.012
Segura A, Herrera M, González E, Vargas M, Solano G, Gutiérrez JM, León G.Liquid formulations of antivenom require a cold chain for their distribution and storage, especially in tropical countries characterized by high temperature and humidity (climatic zone IV). Since cold chain is often deficient in many regions, there is a need to develop novel formulations of liquid antivenoms of higher stability at room temperatures. The effect of addition of the polyols mannitol and sorbitol on the thermal stability of caprylic acid-fractionated equine whole IgG antivenoms was assessed in preparations having different concentrations of protein and phenol. Results evidenced tha... Read More
10
Paraspecific neutralization of the venom of African species of cobra by an equine antiserum against Naja melanoleuca: a comparative study.
Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology
August 13, 2009
Volume 53, Issue 6 602-608 doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.01.011
Casasola A, Ramos-Cerrillo B, de Roodt AR, Carbajal Saucedo A, Chippaux JP, Alagón A, Stock RP.Venoms of snakes belonging to the same Genera tend to share biochemical, toxinological and antigenic characteristics. Accordingly, paraspecific neutralization of venom lethality by experimental antisera and commercial antivenoms has been reported. We studied the spectrum of neutralization of lethality of an experimental monovalent equine antiserum against the strongly neurotoxic African forest cobra (Naja melanoleuca) when tested against venoms of most species of African Naja, both neuro and cytotoxic as described by some authors. We report a comparison of the median lethal doses (LD50) of the... Read More
10
Neutralization of Bothrops mattogrossensis snake venom from Bolivia: experimental evaluation of llama and donkey antivenoms produced by caprylic acid precipitation.
Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology
August 5, 2009
Volume 55, Issue 2-3 642-645 doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.07.031
Fernández GP, Segura A, Herrera M, Velasco W, Solano G, Gutiérrez JM, León G.Polyspecific bothropic/crotalic and bothropic/lachesic antivenoms were produced in Bolivia by immunizing two donkeys with the venoms of Bothrops mattogrossensis and Crotalus durissus terrificus and one llama with the venoms of B. mattogrossensis and Lachesis muta. These antivenoms are currently being used for snakebite envenomation in Bolivia. The rationale for using these animals is that donkeys and llamas are better adapted than horses to the high altitudes in South America and constitute good alternatives for antivenom production in these regions. Plasma was fractionated by caprylic acid pr... Neutralizing potency of horse antibothropic antivenom. Correlation between in vivo and in vitro methods.
Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology
September 2, 1998
Volume 36, Issue 10 1433-1439 doi: 10.1016/s0041-0101(98)00077-4
Maria WS, Cambuy MO, Costa JO, Velarde DT, Chávez-Olórtegui C.The correlation coefficients between in vivo neutralization of lethal toxicity (ED50), neutralization of the hemolytic activity (PLA2) and levels of antibodies measured by ELISA, was investigated to test the potency of horse anti-bothropic antivenom. Twenty six horses were hyperimmunized with Bothrops venoms (B. alternatus, B. jararaca, B. jararacussu, B. neuwiedii and B. moojeni). To set up an indirect ELISA, for neutralization of PLA2 activity and for determination of ED50 in Swiss mice, the whole Bothrops jararaca venom (reference venom for assessing the bothropic antivenom potency in Brazi... Factors associated with adverse reactions induced by caprylic acid-fractionated whole IgG preparations: comparison between horse, sheep and camel IgGs.
Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology
September 23, 2005
Volume 46, Issue 7 775-781 doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.08.004
Herrera M, León G, Segura A, Meneses F, Lomonte B, Chippaux JP, Gutiérrez JM.Caprylic acid purification of IgG, currently used in the manufacture of horse-derived antivenoms, was successfully adapted for the preparation of sheep and camel IgG. Sheep IgG had a molecular mass of approximately 150 kDa, whereas camel IgG presented two bands of molecular masses of approximately 160 and 100 kDa, the latter corresponding to heavy-chain IgG, which is devoid of light chains. Horse, sheep and camel IgGs were compared by several parameters aiming at predicting their potential for induction of early and late adverse reactions. Horse and sheep IgGs showed a higher anticomplementary... The impact of a low dose, low volume, multi-site immunization on the production of therapeutic antivenoms in Thailand.
Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology
December 7, 2002
Volume 41, Issue 1 57-64 doi: 10.1016/s0041-0101(02)00209-x
Sriprapat S, Aeksowan S, Sapsutthipas S, Chotwiwatthanakun C, Suttijitpaisal P, Pratanaphon R, Khow O, Sitprija V, Ratanabanangkoon K.Therapeutic antivenom against snakes was first produced by Albert Calmette in 1894. Since then antivenoms have saved the life of countless snakebite victims. However, there are still many problems associated with antivenom production, for example variable percentage of responder horses, low neutralizing potency of antivenom, the large amount of snake venom needed for immunization and the difficulties encountered in producing potent polyvalent antivenoms. These problems have led to shortage and high cost of antivenom and, in some cases, failure of treatment. In 1997, a new immunization protocol... Development of an ELISA assay to determine neutralising capacity of horse serum following immunisation with Daboia siamensis venom in Myanmar.
Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology
July 11, 2018
Volume 151 163-168 doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.07.012
Khaing EM, Hurtado PR, Hurtado E, Zaw A, White J, Warrell DA, Alfred S, Mahmood MA, Peh CA.Snakebite envenoming is a serious problem in Myanmar. The great majority of snakebite in this country is due to Russell's Viper (Daboia siamensis). For many years, the Burma Pharmaceutical Industry has produced a monovalent antivenom to Russell's Viper in horses. At present, the only way of determining the level of antibody against D. siamensis venom in hyperimmune horse serum is to perform venom neutralisation tests in mice. In this study, we describe the development of an in vitro ELISA assay to estimate neutralising capacity of horse serum. We found a strong correlation between the ELISA as... A comparison of ovine and equine antivenoms.
Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology
April 1, 1994
Volume 32, Issue 4 427-433 doi: 10.1016/0041-0101(94)90294-1
Sjostrom L, al-Abdulla IH, Rawat S, Smith DC, Landon J.Commercial antivenoms produced in horses were compared with monospecific antivenoms raised in sheep against Crotalus durissus terrificus, Crotalus atrox, Crotalus adamanteus, Micrurus fulvius fulvius, Naja naja, Naja kaouthia, Echis ocellatus, Vipera lebetina deserti, Vipera berus berus and Vipera ammodytes ammodytes venom. Antibodies raised by immunizing sheep with C. d. terrificus venom were more effective than their equine counterparts in preventing lethal toxicity in mice (ED50), in inhibiting the venom's pharmacological effects (haemolysis, platelet aggregation and coagulation), and in ne... IgE and IgG epitope mapping by microarray peptide-immunoassay reveals the importance and diversity of the immune response to the IgG3 equine immunoglobulin.
Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology
December 13, 2013
Volume 78 83-93 doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.12.001
De-Simone SG, Napoleão-Pêgo P, Teixeira-Pinto LA, Melgarejo AR, Aguiar AS, Provance DW.The presence of whole horse IgG in therapeutic snake antivenom preparations of high purity is a contamination that can cause IgE-mediated allergic reactions in patients. In this study, the immunodominant IgE and IgG-binding epitopes in horse heavy chain IgG3 were mapped using arrays of overlapping peptides synthesized directly onto activated cellulose membranes. Pooled human sera from patients with and without horse antivenom allergies were used to probe the membrane. We have demonstrated that, for both cases, individuals produce antibodies to epitopes of sequential amino acids of horse heavy ... Neosaxitoxin, a Paralytic Shellfish Poison toxin, effectively manages bucked shins pain, as a local long-acting pain blocker in an equine model.
Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology
November 13, 2017
Volume 141 15-17 doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.11.004
Riquelme G, Sepúlveda JM, Al Ghumgham Z, Del Campo M, Montero C, Lagos N.Local anesthesia is an effective method to control pain. Neosaxitoxin is a phycotoxin whose molecular mechanism includes a reversible inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels at the axonal level, impeding nerve impulse propagation. The present study was designed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of Neosaxitoxin as a local long-acting pain blocker in horse bucked shins, and it was found to effectively control pain. While Neosaxitoxin and Gonyautoxin, another Paralytic Shellfish Poison (PSP) toxin, have been successfully used in humans as long-lasting pain blockers, this finding marks the fir... Development of an elisa for the diagnosis of reactive IgE antibodies anti-therapeutic horse sera.
Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology
August 12, 2017
Volume 138 37-42 doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.08.012
De-Simone SG, Souza ALA, Aguiar AS, Melgarejo AR, Provance DW.Hypersensitive diseases that involve IgE reactivity are important concern of public, especially those encompassing the potential pathogenesis from the administration of horse serum-based therapeutics such as antivenoms. A method for the definitive diagnosis of reactive IgE is important for identifying allergic patients to control severe collateral effects during planned and emergency application of immunotherapies when the allergy source cannot be avoided for treatment. To date, no tests have been developed to accompany the wide range of antivenoms produced from horse sera. The aim of this was... Snake antivenoms from hyperimmunized horses: comparison of the antivenom activity and biological properties of their whole IgG and F(ab’)2 fragments.
Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology
June 1, 1994
Volume 32, Issue 6 725-734 doi: 10.1016/0041-0101(94)90341-7
Morais JF, de Freitas MC, Yamaguchi IK, dos Santos MC, da Silva WD.IgG and F(ab')2 fragments were prepared from horse plasma rich in specific antibodies against Brazilian Bothrops or Crotalus venoms. Both preparations, free of gross contamination with non-immunoglobulin proteins, were able to combine in vitro with their respective antigens, forming immune complexes at antigen excess, equivalence or antibody excess, and activating the C system, through either the classical or the alternative pathways. The IgG preparation was more effective in neutralizing the lethal factors in Bothrops or Crotalus venoms, compared with the F(ab')2 fragments. In contrast, IgG a... Antibody-mediated neutralization and binding-reversal studies on alpha-neurotoxins from Micrurus nigrocinctus nigrocinctus (coral snake) venom.
Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology
March 1, 1996
Volume 34, Issue 3 369-380 doi: 10.1016/0041-0101(95)00126-3
Alape-Giron A, Stiles BG, Gutierrez JM.An ELISA based, non-radioactive acetylcholine receptor (AchR) binding assay was used to detect the alpha-neurotoxins present in Micrurus nigrocinctus nigrocinctus venom. Sera from horses hyperimmunized against M. nigrocinctus venom contain antibodies which inhibit the binding of M. n. nigrocinctus alpha-neurotoxins to AchR and reverse the binding of toxins already complexed with the receptor. This result supports the importance of using antivenom therapeutically in M. n. nigrocinctus envenomations even after the onset of neurological symptoms. M. nigrocinctus antivenoms cross-reacted in an ELI... The improvement of the therapeutic anti-Lachesis muta serum production in horses.
Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology
March 1, 2005
Volume 45, Issue 4 467-473 doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.12.006
Stephano MA, Guidolin R, Higashi HG, Tambourgi DV, Sant'Anna OA.The main features associated with pit viper envenomations include the intense local lesions such as oedema, necrosis, acute renal failure and other effects. The severity of these reactions to snakebite depends on the degree of envenomation. Lachesis muta venom (LMV) has weak lethal activity, but due to the large amount often inoculated, the effects are extremely severe and demand anti-venom with a high neutralizing capacity. LMV had the lowest neutralizing antibody induction capacity in horses when compared with that of other venoms. For example, Bothrops anti-venom serum neutralizes 180 times... Inhibition by CaNa2EDTA of local tissue damage induced by Bothrops asper (terciopelo) venom: application in horse immunization for antivenom production.
Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology
June 10, 1998
Volume 36, Issue 2 321-331 doi: 10.1016/s0041-0101(97)00114-1
León G, Estrada R, Chaves F, Rojas G, Ovadia M, Gutiérrez JM.The ability of the chelating agent CaNa2EDTA to inhibit local tissue damage induced by Bothrops asper venom was studied in mice and in horses used for polyvalent (Crotalinae) antivenom production. CaNa2EDTA was devoid of toxicity when injected i.m. or s.c. inducing only a mild edema. Preincubation of B. asper venom with CaNa2EDTA inhibited hemorrhagic and dermonecrotic activities, but did not reduce edema-forming and myotoxic effects. A group of horses initially immunized with native venoms developed less severe local tissue reactions when injected with booster doses of venom and CaNa2EDTA tha... Development of an ELISA to assess the potency of horse therapeutic polyvalent antibothropic antivenom.
Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology
September 2, 1998
Volume 36, Issue 10 1363-1370 doi: 10.1016/s0041-0101(98)00014-2
Heneine LG, Carvalho AD, Barbosa CF, Arávjo dos Santos MR.The objective of this study was the search for a suitable venom antigen to be used in an in vitro alternative immunoassay, to the standard antivenom neutralization assay using mice. Bothrops jararaca venom was fractionated in DEAE-Sephacel columns and the fractions were tested for a correlation between antibody capture enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) absorbance values and the 'in vivo' antivenom potency. Individual antivenoms from 14 horses and 15 separate FUNED polyspecific Bothrops ampouled antivenoms (final product) were used. Fractions showing the higher correlations were further... Assessment of the anti-Naja haje antibodies elicited in a low dose multi-site immunization protocol.
Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology
May 21, 2009
Volume 54, Issue 4 450-459 doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.05.007
El-Kady EM, Ibrahim NM, Wahby AF.The horse antibodies to Naja haje (Nh) elicited in a low dose multi-site immunization protocol were investigated from binding perspective in the context of antivenom maturation. We found that, this protocol evoked the production of lethality neutralizing avid antibodies in the first round of immunization which increases over the successive immunization rounds. The changes and the relative changes in the antibody parameters of each horse were taken as a measure for the efficacy of its immune system to respond by gaining and magnifying the antivenom parameters. While the avidity increases over t... Wild parsnip (Pastinaca sativa)-induced photosensitization.
Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology
June 4, 2019
Volume 167 60-66 doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.06.007
Stegelmeier BL, Colegate SM, Knoppel EL, Rood KA, Collett MG.Wild parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) has been associated with livestock and human photosensitization. An investigation of a natural occurrence of photosensitization of grazing horses identified wild parsnip as a possible cause. HPLC-MS and MS/MS analysis of this plant identified five furanocoumarins i.e., xanthotoxin, bergapten, isopimpinellin, imperatorin and a putative methoxyimperatorin. Goats fed this wild parsnip were largely unaffected. Xanthotoxin was not detected in the serum of parsnip-fed goats or in the serum of goats dosed orally or intravenous with purified xanthotoxin. Cutaneous appli... Anticomplementary activity of equine whole IgG antivenoms: comparison of three fractionation protocols.
Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology
December 8, 2004
Volume 45, Issue 1 123-128 doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.07.025
León G, Lomonte B, Gutiérrez JM.Early adverse reactions occur in a number of patients treated with heterologous antivenoms and have been associated with anticomplementary activity (ACA). In order to reduce the ACA of equine whole IgG antivenoms produced by caprylic acid fractionation, three different fractionation protocols were compared: (a) routine caprylic acid fractionation; (b) caprylic acid fractionation followed by beta-propiolactone treatment; and (c) caprylic acid fractionation followed by ion-exchange chromatography using a quaternary ammonium membrane. The three protocols yielded products with similar physicochemi... Hepatogenous photosensitization in ruminants and horses caused by the ingestion of Chamaecrista serpens in Brazil.
Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology
January 28, 2021
Volume 193 13-20 doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.01.013
Mendonça MFF, Pimentel LA, Leal PV, Oliveira Filho JC, Caymmi LG, Silva AWO, Jesus RS, Peixoto TC.This study aimed to describe the first reports of outbreaks of hepatogenous photosensitization in cattle, sheep, and horses caused by spontaneous ingestion of Chamaecrista serpens, as well as to reproduce poisoning in sheep experimentally. Eleven photodermatitis outbreaks of unknown cause occurred in cattle, sheep and horses on nine farms in the semiarid region of Bahia, northeastern Brazil, between July 2017 and July 2020. Cutaneous lesions of photosensitization initiated until one week after the animals were introduced in paddocks invaded by the plant at the beginning of the rainy season. Th... Acetogenin-induced fibrotic heart disease from avocado (Persea americana, Lauraceae) poisoning in horses.
Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology
September 17, 2022
Volume 219 106921 doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.09.007
Freitas MS, Pereira AHB, Pereira GO, Menezes IS, Lucena AR, Almeida CRF, Pereira EG, Santos LA, Tozin LRS, Alves FM, Macedo AL, Silva DB, Ubiali DG.Poisoning by avocado (Persea americana) has been confirmed in sheep, goats, dogs, rabbits and ostriches. The clinical signs and lesions are attributed to the acetogenin, persin. Little is known regarding the epidemiology, clinical signs, lesions and therapy caused by acetogenin-induced heart damage. During the two-year study, we investigated a horse farm with six horses that often fed themselves with P. americana leaves or mature fruit pulp and skin on the ground. Two horses died, and one underwent necropsy, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry using the anti-cardiac troponin C (cTnC). Gro...