Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia.
Publisher:
Blackwell Science,. New York, NY : Elsevier (2017)
Frequency: Six no. a year, 2005-
Country: United States
Language: English
Author(s):
Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists., American College of Veterinary Anesthesiologists., European College of Veterinary Anaesthesia.
Start Year:2000 -
ISSN:
1467-2987 (Print)
1467-2995 (Electronic)
1467-2987 (Linking)
1467-2995 (Electronic)
1467-2987 (Linking)
Impact Factor
1.7
2022
| NLM ID: | 100956422 |
| (OCoLC): | 44082807 |
| Classification: | W1 JO97K |
The effects of ephedrine on intramuscular blood flow and other cardiopulmonary parameters in halothane-anesthetized ponies. To evaluate the effect of ephedrine on intramuscular blood flow and hemodynamic parameters during equine anesthesia. Methods: Prospective experimental study. Methods: Six healthy adult Welsh Mountain ponies (five males, one female, mean weight: 267 kg, range: 213-347 kg). Methods: Halothane-anesthetized ponies received an IV bolus of ephedrine (0.1 mg kg), followed 30 minutes later by a second IV ephedrine injection (0.2 mg kg). Changes in intramuscular blood flows (IMBF) in upper and lower triceps brachii were measured by laser Doppler flowmetry. Cardiopulmonary measurements were made at inte...
β-endorphin immunoreactivity during anaesthesia in equidae. To determine the effects of surgery, hypoxia, hypercapnia and flunixin administration on plasma β-endorphin immunoreactivity (BEI) in anaesthetized horses. Methods: Prospective crossover study. Methods: Six healthy adult Welsh Mountain ponies and seven healthy adult Thoroughbreds. Methods: Ponies were anaesthetized with thiopentone and halothane or with pentobarbitone and the horses with guaiphenesin, thiopentone and halothane. Ponies were anaesthetized for 2 hours and on separate occasions underwent a period of hypoxia, hypercapnia, anaesthesia only, or were given flunixin at induction. The ...
The relationship of muscle perfusion and metabolism with cardiovascular variables before and after detomidine injection during propofol-ketamine anaesthesia in horses. To study in horses (1) the relationship between cardiovascular variables and muscle perfusion during propofol-ketamine anaesthesia, (2) the physiological effects of a single intravenous (IV) detomidine injection, (3) the metabolic response of muscle to anaesthesia, and (4) the effects of propofol-ketamine infusion on respiratory function. Methods: Prospective experimental study. Methods: Seven standardbred trotters, 5-12 years old, 416-581 kg. Methods: Anaesthesia was induced with intravenous (IV) guaifenesin and propofol (2 mg kg) and maintained with a continuous IV infusion of propofol (0.15...
The confidential enquiry into perioperative equine fatalities (CEPEF): mortality results of Phases 1 and 2. To document the equine perioperative mortality rate and to highlight any factor associated with an increased risk of death up to 7 days after anaesthesia. Methods: A prospective observational epidemiological multicentre study. Methods: Data were recorded from all equidae undergoing general anaesthesia in 62 clinics. Power calculations indicated that 45 000 cases were required to detect the significance of important variables. Details of each horse, operation, anaesthetic agents and clinic personnel were recorded. Outcome at 7 days was recorded as: alive, put to sleep (PTS) or dead. Data were a...
Aerosolized salbutamol (albuterol) improves PaO2 in hypoxaemic anaesthetized horses – a prospective clinical trial in 81 horses. To compare the arterial pH and blood gas values, heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure, in hypoxaemic anaesthetized horses, before and after treatment, with a salbutamol (albuterol) aerosol. Methods: Eighty-one client-owned horses weighing between 114 and 925 kg. Fifty-seven underwent emergency abdominal surgery and 24 were anaesthetized for elective procedures. Methods: Pre-anaesthetic medication included xylazine, detomidine, butorphanol and morphine, alone or in various combinations. Induction of anaesthesia was achieved with guaifenesin and ketamine, diazepam and ketamine, or guaifen...
Anaesthesia in horses using halothane and intravenous ketamine-guaiphenesin: a clinical study. The aim of this study was to define and evaluate a combined inhalation-intravenous anaesthetic protocol for use in equine anaesthesia. Methods: Prospective, randomized clinical trial. Methods: Twenty-eight horses (body mass 522 ± 82; 330-700 kg [mean ± SD; range]) with a mean age of 6 ± 4 years (range: 2-18 years) presented to the university hospital for various surgical procedures requiring general anaesthesia. Methods: Animals were randomly allocated to one of two treatment groups. Anaesthesia was maintained in 14 horses with halothane alone (H group). The mean end-tidal halothane concent...
Cardiopulmonary effects associated with head-down position in halothane-anesthetized ponies with or without capnoperitoneum. To compare the cardiopulmonary effects of the head-down position, with or without capnoperitoneum, in halothane-anesthetized horses. Methods: Prospective randomized study. Methods: Five ponies (four mares, one stallion; bodyweight 302 ± 38.4 kg [mean ± SD]) were used. Methods: The ponies were anesthetized with xylazine, guiafenesin, ketamine, and maintained with halothane/oxygen and lungs were ventilated to 40 ± 2 mm Hg (5.3 ± 0.3 kPa) end-tidal CO tension. After baseline cardiopulmonary measurements, ponies were kept in horizontal position for 30 minutes, then tilted head-down 30° to the...
Hormonal, metabolic and physiological effects of laparoscopic surgery using a detomidine-buprenorphine combination in standing horses. To assess the hormonal, metabolic and physiological effects of laparascopic surgery performed under a sedative analgesic combination of detomidine and buprenorphine in standing horses. Methods: Prospective study. Methods: Eight healthy adult Dutch Warmblood horses and five healthy adult ponies undergoing laparoscopy were studied. Five healthy adult horses not undergoing laparoscopy were used as a control group. Methods: The sedative effect of an initial detomidine and buprenorphine injection was maintained using a continuous infusion of detomidine alone. The heart and respiratory rate, arteria...
Detomidine reduces isoflurane anesthetic requirement (MAC) in horses. To quantitate the dose- and time-related magnitude of the anesthetic sparing effect of, and selected physiological responses to detomidine during isoflurane anesthesia in horses. Methods: Randomized cross-over study. Methods: Three, healthy, young adult horses weighing 485 ± 14 kg. Methods: Horses were anesthetized on two occasions to determine the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane in O and then to measure the anesthetic sparing effect (time-related MAC reduction) following IV detomidine (0.03 and 0.06 mg kg). Selected common measures of cardiopulmonary function, blood glucos...
Effects of guaiphenesin on the equine electroencephalogram during anaesthesia with halothane in oxygen. To identify and characterize the effects of guaiphenesin (GGE) on the electroencephalogram during halothane anaesthesia. Methods: Prospective controlled study. Methods: Eight healthy Welsh mountain pony geldings between 5 and 9 years old and weighing between 270 and 330 kg (mean 301 kg). Methods: Anaesthesia was induced with thiopentone and maintained using halothane in oxygen. End tidal halothane was maintained above 0.75 and below 0.85%. The EEG was recorded continuously and a binaural broad band click stimulus was provided throughout the experiment at 6.1224 Hz. An infusion of 1500 mg GGE w...
Propofol anaesthesia for surgery in late gestation pony mares. To characterize propofol anaesthesia in pregnant ponies. Methods: Fourteen pony mares, at 256 ± 49 days gestation, undergoing abdominal surgery to implant fetal and maternal vascular catheters. Methods: Pre-anaesthetic medication with intravenous (IV) acepromazine (20 µg kg), butorphanol (20 µg kg) and detomidine (10 µg kg) was given 30 minutes before induction of anaesthesia with detomidine (10 µg kg) and ketamine (2 mg kg) IV Maternal arterial blood pressure was recorded (facial artery) throughout anaesthesia. Arterial blood gas values and plasma concentrations of glucose, lactate, cort...
The pre-emptive effect of epidural ketamine on wound sensitivity in horses tested by using von Frey filaments. To evaluate the pre-emptive analgesic effect of pre-incisional epidural ketamine. Methods: A blinded, randomized experimental study. Methods: Sixteen mixed breed mares, 7.6 ± 2.8 years old, weighing 352 ± 32 kg. Methods: In a pilot study, an incision was made on one lateral thigh using a lidocaine block and no further analgesics, and it was verified that the nociceptive threshold was lower on the incised side than nonincised side (p ≤ 0.05), and that von Frey filaments evoked a pain response. The 16 animals were divided into group A (ketamine, n = 9) and B (saline, n = 7). An epidural cath...
Serum concentrations and effects of detomidine delivered orally to horses in three different mediums. To compare the effect of orally delivered detomidine on head posture when administered alone or in combination with two different food items, and to determine the serum concentrations of detomidine after oral delivery. Methods: Prospective randomized experimental study. Methods: Fifteen adult grade mares weighing 328-537 kg. Methods: The horses were randomly assigned to one of the three treatment groups (five horses each). The groups were given detomidine (0.06 mg kg): alone; mixed with 3 mL of an apple sauce and gum mixture; or mixed with 3 mL molasses. Head droop, measured before treatment a...
Hormonal, metabolic and physiological effects of laparoscopic surgery using a detomidine-buprenorphine combination in standing horses. To assess the hormonal, metabolic and physiological effects of laparascopic surgery performed under a sedative analgesic combination of detomidine and buprenorphine in standing horses. Methods: Prospective study. Methods: Eight healthy adult Dutch Warmblood horses and five healthy adult ponies undergoing laparoscopy were studied. Five healthy adult horses not undergoing laparoscopy were used as a control group. Methods: The sedative effect of an initial detomidine and buprenorphine injection was maintained using a continuous infusion of detomidine alone. The heart and respiratory rate, arteria...
Behavioral responses following eight anesthetic induction protocols in horses. To compare behavioral characteristics of induction and recovery in horses anesthetized with eight anesthetic drug protocols. Methods: Randomized prospective experimental study. Methods: Eight horses, 5.5 ± 2.4 years (mean ± SD) of age, and weighing 505 ± 31 kg. Methods: After xylazine pre-medication, each of eight horses was anesthetized on four occasions using one of eight different anesthetic induction protocols which incorporated various combinations of ketamine (KET), propofol (PRO), and thiopental (THIO): THIO 8 mg kg; THIO 6 mg kg + PRO 0.5 mg kg; THIO 4 mg kg + PRO 1 mg kg; THIO 2 mg...
An evaluation of apnea or spontaneous ventilation in early recovery following mechanical ventilation in the anesthetized horse. To compare arterial oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions in apneic and spontaneously ventilating horses recovering from anesthesia. Methods: Randomized clinical trial. Methods: Forty-two healthy horses averaging 466 ± 106 kg and 6 ± 5 years of age. Methods: Anesthetized horses undergoing a variety of surgical procedures and receiving positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) were divided into two equal groups. One group was allowed to return to spontaneous ventilation prior to disconnection from the anesthetic circuit (weaned). The other group remained apneic during transport to a recovery stall. A...
The cardiopulmonary effects of severe blood loss in anesthetized horses. To characterize the acute cardiopulmonary effects of severe hemorrhage in anesthetized horses. Methods: Prospective experimental study. Methods: Three geldings and six mares, aged 14.4 ± 2.7 years, weighing 486 ± 41 kg (range: 425-550 kg). Methods: Horses were anesthetized using xylazine, guaifenesin, ketamine and halothane or isoflurane. Cardiovascular variables, hematocrit, total solids, capillary refill time (CRT) and color of mucous membranes were measured as blood was collected from the carotid artery into sterile plastic bags. Arterial blood gas analysis was also performed. Results: Th...
Intravenous anaesthesia using detomidine, ketamine and guaiphenesin for laparotomy in pregnant pony mares. Objective To characterize intravenous anaesthesia with detomidine, ketamine and guaiphenesin in pregnant ponies. Animals Twelve pony mares, at 260-320 days gestation undergoing abdominal surgery to implant fetal and maternal vascular catheters. Materials and methods Pre-anaesthetic medication with intravenous (IV) acepromazine (30 µg kg), butorphanol (20 µg kg) and detomidine (10 µg kg) preceded induction of anaesthesia with detomidine (10 µg kg) and ketamine (2 mg kg) IV Maternal arterial blood pressure was measured directly throughout anaesthesia and arterial blood samples were taken at ...
Pulsed delivery of nitric oxide counteracts hypoxaemia in the anaesthetized horse. To study the effect of the pulsed delivery of nitric oxide (NO) on pulmonary gas exchange in the anaesthetized horses. Design Prospective, controlled randomized. Methods: Five healthy Standardbred trotters, three geldings and two mares. Methods: The horses were anaesthetized with thiopentone and isoflurane and positioned in dorsal recumbency. Nitric oxide was added as a pulse to the inspired gas during the first half of each inspiration. In three horses the effect of NO on the ventilation-perfusion distribution was also investigated using the multiple inert gas elimination technique. Data w...
Equine anaesthesia-associated mortality: where are we now? To review the literature concerning mortality associated with general anaesthesia in horses and to assess whether there is evidence for a reduction in mortality over the 20 years since the Confidential Enquiry into Perioperative Equine Fatalities (CEPEF). Methods: PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar. Search terms used: horse; pony; equine; anaesthesia; anesthesia; recovery; morbidity, and mortality. Conclusions: The most recent studies, in which isoflurane and sevoflurane have been more commonly used for anaesthesia maintenance, report fewer intraoperative cardiac arrests than older studies in whi...
Clinical effects and pharmacokinetic variables of romifidine and the peripheral α2 -adrenoceptor antagonist MK-467 in horses. To investigate the effects of MK-467 on sedation quality, and cardiopulmonary and pharmacokinetic variables in horses sedated intravenously (IV) with romifidine. Methods: Experimental, randomized, crossover design. Methods: Seven healthy mares. Methods: Romifidine (80 μg kg-1 ; R) and MK-467 (200 μg kg-1 ; MK) were administered IV alone and in combination (R + MK). Levels of sedation and borborygmi were scored. Heart rate (HR), direct arterial blood pressure (ABP) and respiratory rate (fR ) were recorded. Arterial and venous blood gas analyses were performed and venous plasma drug conc...
Cardiopulmonary effects and anaesthesia recovery quality in horses anaesthetized with isoflurane and low-dose S-ketamine or medetomidine infusions. To evaluate cardiopulmonary effects and anaesthesia recovery quality in horses anaesthetized with isoflurane receiving medetomidine or S-ketamine infusions. Methods: Randomized, blinded, prospective clinical trial. Methods: Fifty horses undergoing elective surgery. Methods: After acepromazine and flunixin meglumine premedication, horses received medetomidine (7 μg kg-1 ) intravenously (IV). Anaesthesia was induced with midazolam and racemic ketamine (Med treatment group; 2.2 mg kg-1 ; n = 25) or S-ketamine (S-ket treatment group; 1.1 mg kg-1 ; n = 25) IV and maintained with isoflura...
Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) decreases pulmonary shunt in anaesthetized horses. To evaluate the effects of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) on intrapulmonary shunt, cardiac output and oxygen delivery in horses subjected to a 6 hour period of general anaesthesia. Methods: Randomized, experimental, crossover study. Methods: Ten healthy adult horses. Methods: Following medetomidine, diazepam and ketamine administration, orotracheal intubation was performed and horses positioned in dorsal recumbency. Anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane carried in an oxygen and air mix (FiO 0.5) combined with a medetomidine infusion. Horses were anaesthetized twice and either...
Cardiovascular, respiratory and metabolic responses to apnea induced by atlanto-occipital intrathecal lidocaine injection in anesthetized horses. To determine physiologic responses to apnea-induced severe hypoxemia in anesthetized horses. Methods: Prospective experimental study. Methods: Six university-owned horses with a median (range) body weight of 500 (220-510) kg and aged 13.5 (0.8-24.0) years scheduled for euthanasia. Methods: Xylazine-midazolam-ketamine-anesthetized horses breathing room air spontaneously were instrumented with a facial artery catheter for pressure measurement and blood sampling, and were made apneic with atlanto-occipital intrathecal lidocaine (4 mg kg ). Cardiopulmonary, biochemical and hematologic variable...
The cardiovascular status of isoflurane-anaesthetized horses with and without dexmedetomidine constant rate infusion evaluated at equivalent depths of anaesthesia. To compare cardiac index and oxygen extraction at equivalent depths of anaesthesia between isoflurane-anaesthetized horses and horses anesthetized with isoflurane and dexmedetomidine CRI. Methods: Sequential, blinded, randomized, balanced, crossover study. Methods: Eight horses weighing a mean ± standard deviation of 478 ± 58 kg. Methods: Horses were premedicated with 0.03 mg kg(-1) acepromazine intramuscularly (IM) and 8 μg kg(-1) dexmedetomidine intravenously (IV). Anaesthesia was induced with 2.5 mg kg(-1) ketamine and 0.1 mg kg(-1) midazolam IV and maintained with isofluran...