Topic:Amikacin
Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic commonly used in equine medicine to treat bacterial infections, particularly those caused by Gram-negative organisms. It operates by inhibiting protein synthesis in bacteria, leading to cell death. Amikacin is often administered to horses for conditions such as septicemia, respiratory infections, and joint infections. Its use is carefully monitored due to the potential for nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity, especially with prolonged treatment. The pharmacokinetics and dosing regimens of amikacin in horses are crucial to maximizing therapeutic efficacy while minimizing adverse effects. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the pharmacology, clinical applications, safety, and resistance patterns associated with amikacin in equine health.
Comparison of 2 techniques for regional antibiotic delivery to the equine forelimb: intraosseous perfusion vs. intravenous perfusion. The purpose of this study was to compare the synovial fluid concentrations and pharmacokinetics of amikacin in the equine limb distal to the carpus following intraosseous and intravenous regional perfusion. The front limbs of 6 horses were randomly assigned to either intraosseous or intravenous perfusion. A tourniquet was placed distal to each carpus and the limb perfused with 500 mg of amikacin. Systemic blood samples and synovial fluid samples were collected over 70 min from the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint, metacarpophalangeal joint, and digital flexor sheath. The tourniquet was remov...
Tissue and serum concentrations of amikacin after intramuscular and intrauterine administration to mares in estrus. Concentrations of amikacin in endometrial tissue and plasma were studied in mares in estrus after intrauterine infusion of 1.0 or 2.0 g once a day for 3 consecutive d, and after 9.7 or 14.5 mg/kg body weight (BW) had been injected intramuscularly once a day for 3 consecutive d to determine concentrations of amikacin sulfate in plasma and endometrial tissues, and whether parenteral administration provides any advantages over intramuscular infusion. No amikacin was detected in serum at the 1.0 g dose. At the infusion dose of 2.0 g once a day, very low levels of serum amikacin were detected at 1 ...
Plasma disposition of amikacin and interactions with gastrointestinal microflora in Equidae following intravenous and oral administration. Amikacin was detectable (> 0.02 micrograms/ml) in plasma for 12 h in horses and donkeys and for 8 h in ponies following intravenous (i.v.) administration at a dose rate of 6 mg/kg bodyweight. The elimination half-life (harmonic mean) of amikacin was 2.8, 1.6 and 1.9 h in horses, ponies and donkeys, respectively, and the mean body clearance was relatively slow (45.2, 82.4 and 58.0 ml/h.kg, respectively). A suitable dosage interval for the i.v. administration of amikacin sulphate to horses, ponies and donkeys, at a dose rate of 6 mg/kg, would be every 8 h in horses, and every 6 h in ponies an...
Effects of hypoxia and azotaemia on the pharmacokinetics of amikacin in neonatal foals. The effects of hypoxia and azotaemia on the pharmacokinetics of amikacin were evaluated in 20 full-term neonatal critically ill foals which required 24-h supportive care, antibiotics and dextrose-supplemented polyionic fluids given intravenously, nasal insufflation with oxygen and nutritional supplementation. There was no association between sepsis score or survival and pharmacokinetic parameters. Concurrent hypoxia and azotaemia were associated with significantly decreased clearance and increased peak and trough serum concentrations of amikacin; however, peaks or troughs did not exceed toxic ...
Pharmacokinetics of amikacin in critically ill neonatal foals treated for presumed or confirmed sepsis. Fourteen foals less than four days of age were treated with the aminoglycoside, amikacin sulphate, and either penicillin or ampicillin for septicaemia, pneumonia, and/or failure of passive immunoglobulin transfer. Serum amikacin concentrations were determined at three times during an 8 or 12 h dosing interval. A 7.0 mg/kg bodyweight dose of amikacin every 8 h was appropriate. Prematurity did not influence mortality. All seven premature foals survived, whereas four of the seven full term foals died. Uraemia in three foals was caused by urinary bladder rupture; amikacin-induced nephrotoxicity wa...
Pharmacokinetics of amikacin in the horse following intravenous and intramuscular administration. The pharmacokinetics of amikacin sulfate (AK) were studied in the horse after intravenous (i.v.) and intramuscular (i.m.) administration. Serum (Cs), synovial (Csf) and peritoneal (Cpf) fluid concentrations of the drug were measured. Doses of 4.4, 6.6 and 11.0 mg/kg were given. The concentrations at 15 min following i.v. injection were 30.3 +/- 0.3, 61.2 +/- 6.9 and 122.8 +/- 7.4 micrograms/ml, respectively, for the 4.4, 6.6 and 11.0 mg/kg doses. Mean peak Cs values after the intramuscular injections occurred at 1.0 h post-injection and were 13.3 +/- 1.6, 23.0 +/- 0.6 and 29.8 +/- 3.2 microgra...
[The use of amikacin in the treatment of endometritis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mares]. After isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from endometrial biopsies of 6 mares they were treated with amikacin sulphate. Three were treated by intra-uterine application of the drug, in one the drug was given by intramuscular injection, in another the intravenous route was used while in the last mare simultaneous local and intravenous treatment was applied. An intra-uterine Tris-EDTA instillation preceeded the uterine amikacin instillations to aid in the breakdown of the capsule around the bacterium. Serum concentrations of amikacin were determined after intravenous and intramuscular administra...