The study of cells in horses encompasses the examination of various cell types and their functions within the equine body. Cells are the basic structural and functional units of life, and in horses, they contribute to numerous physiological processes, including growth, repair, and immune responses. Different cell types, such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and muscle cells, each perform specific roles that are vital for maintaining the health and homeostasis of the horse. This topic includes research on cellular mechanisms, cellular responses to disease or injury, and the application of cellular biology in equine medicine. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the structure, function, and significance of cells in equine biology and health.
Murphy DJ, Todhunter RJ, Fubini SL, Vernier-Singer M, Straubinger RK, Lust G.To study in vitro (1) the dose-response relationships between proteoglycan metabolism in normal and corticosteroid-treated articular cartilage; (2) long-term proteoglycan metabolism after treatment of articular cartilage with corticosteroids; and (3) the effect of corticosteroids on proteoglycan metabolism in articular cartilage treated with monocyte-conditioned medium (MCM). Methods: Equine and canine articular cartilage explants were treated with corticosteroids and MCM. Proteoglycan synthesis and degradation were measured by radioactive labeling in short-term culture, and the long-term effe...
Ethell MT, Hodgson DR, Hills BA.This study was undertaken to determine the hydrophobicity of the luminal surface of the equine stomach and to elucidate the ultrastructure of the lining imparting that property. Gastric and duodenal mucosal samples from 5 horses were collected immediately after euthanasia and subjected to surface contact angle measurement using a goniometer. Gastric mucosal samples from 4 horses and a foal were examined by electron microscopy following a fixation procedure known to preserve phospholipids and oligolamellar structures. Contact angles for the equine gastric glandular mucosal surface (mean +/- s.e...
Retamal C, Urzúa J, Lorca C, López ML, Alves EW.The present paper reports modifications in the electrophoretic and cytochemical characteristics of mature and immature stallion spermatozoa. Some sperm surface glycoproteins (36, 32, 29, 21, 20, 18 kDa) detected in cauda epididymidis spermatozoa, were either absent or present in a very low relative concentration in immature sperm cells. A major 14 kDa protein band, observed in sperm extracts obtained from ductus efferentes, progressively decreased along the epididymal ductus. The nature and distribution of carbohydrate residues on the sperm membrane, during epididymal maturation, was also stud...
Bureau F, Delhalle S, Bonizzi G, Fiévez L, Dogné S, Kirschvink N, Vanderplasschen A, Merville MP, Bours V, Lekeux P.In most cells trans-activating NF-kappaB induces many inflammatory proteins as well as its own inhibitor, IkappaB-alpha, thus assuring a transient response upon stimulation. However, NF-kappaB-dependent inflammatory gene expression is persistent in asthmatic bronchi, even after allergen eviction. In the present report we used bronchial brushing samples (BBSs) from heaves-affected horses (a spontaneous model of asthma) to elucidate the mechanisms by which NF-kappaB activity is maintained in asthmatic airways. NF-kappaB activity was high in granulocytic and nongranulocytic BBS cells. However, NF...
Taylor KC, Vitello LB, Erman JE.The ionization of 4-nitroimidazole to 4-nitroimidazolate was investigated as a function of ionic strength. The apparent pKa varies from 8.99 to 9.50 between 0.001 and 1.0 M ionic strength, respectively, at 25 degrees C. The ionic strength dependence of this ionization is anomalous. The binding of 4-nitroimidazole by horse metmyoglobin was studied between pH 5.0 and 11.5 and as a function of ionic strength between 0.01 and 1.0 M. The association rate constant is pH-dependent, varying from 24 M(-1)s(-1) at pH 5 to a maximum value of 280 M(-1)s(-1) at pH 9.5 and then decreasing to 10 M(-1)s(-1) a...
Bienzle D, Stanton JB, Embry JM, Bush SE, Mahaffey EA.To compare CBC results obtained by use of an in-house centrifugal analyzer with results of a reference method. Methods: Prospective study. Methods: Blood samples from 147 dogs, 42 cats, and 60 horses admitted to a veterinary teaching hospital and from 24 cows in a commercial dairy herd. Methods: Results obtained with the centrifugal analyzer were compared with results obtained with an electrical-impedance light-scatter hematology analyzer and manual differential cell counting (reference method). Results: The centrifugal analyzer yielded error messages for 50 of 273 (18%) samples. Error message...
Sato F, Hasegawa T, Katayama Y, Iwanaga T, Yanaihara N, Kanno T, Ishida N.Chromogranin A (CGA) is a member of a family of highly acidic proteins co-stored and co-released with catecholamines in the adrenal medullary cells as well as in other neurons and paraneurons. The nucleotide sequence encoding equine CGA was determined using RT-PCR and rapid amplification of complementary DNA (cDNA) ends (RACE) techniques. A total 1,828 bp of the nucleotide sequence reveals that equine CGA is a 448-residue protein preceded by an 18-residue signal peptide. Comparison of the amino acid sequence of equine CGA with those of human, porcine, bovine, mouse, rat and frog CGA showed hig...
Leme DP, Papa FO.Fifteen stallions of different breeds, age 3-11 years, had their right testicles evaluated by fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). Cytological analysis showed the following spermatogenic cell types: spermatogonia (1.6% +/- 1.1); spermatocyte I (3.4% +/- 2.2); spermatocyte II (0.8% +/- 0.7); early spermatids (25.5% +/- 9.5); late spermatids (37.0% +/- 9.3). Spermatozoal numbers were expressed as the spermatic index (SI = 31.5% +/- 8.5) and Sertoli cells were expressed as the Sertoli cell index (SEI = 20.9% +/- 17.0) (means +/- s.d). Identification of cell types was relatively easy and no imm...
Greenaway EC, Cunningham FM, Goode NT.Phorbol esters, which activate protein kinase C (PKC), stimulate equine eosinophil superoxide production and adherence. After showing that superoxide production could be inhibited by the nonselective PKC inhibitors, staurosporine and bisindolymaleimide I, the PKC isotypes in equine eosinophils were characterized, because evidence suggests that individual isotypes may play distinct roles in regulating eosinophil function. Western blots demonstrated that equine eosinophils expressed PKC alpha, beta, delta, epsilon, iota, and zeta. However, unlike the equine neutrophil, the majority of the PKC wa...
Byrne KM, Vierck J, Dodson MV.Equine satellite cells are responsible for muscle healing and regeneration in the mature horse. We describe the in vitro cell culture conditions required for clonal populations of equine satellite cells to undergo both proliferation and differentiation. Our hypothesis is that these in vitro conditions model regeneration of muscle and can be used to evaluate potential therapeutics. In this study, 2 areas of satellite cell response were tested: proliferation of clones induced by growth factors, and fusion induced by culture conditions. Equine satellite cell clones showed differences in their res...
Livesey JH, Evans MJ, Mulligan R, Donald RA.To further elucidate the interaction of CRH, AVP and cortisol in the control of ACTH secretion, we used an in vitro perifusion model with dispersed equine anterior pituitary cells. To approximate the in vivo milieu in the horse, CRH was perifused continuously (at 0, 2 and 20 pmol/L) and 5-min pulses of AVP (0, 1, 3 and 10 nmol/L) were given every 30 min in the presence of 0 or 100 nmol/L cortisol. Total (baseline + incremental) ACTH secretion increased as both the CRH (p<0.001) and the AVP (p<0.001) concentration increased and interaction between CRH and AVP was significant (p=0.042). Co...
Prickett TCR , Inder WJ, Evans MJ, Donald RA.The acute-phase cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-1) is known to activate the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis, primarily via corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH). The aim of this study was to determine whether IL-1beta could directly stimulate ACTH secretion from perifused equine anterior pituitary cells, and whether CRH pre-incubation affected corticotroph responsiveness. Isolated equine anterior pituitary cells were pre-incubated with media containing 10 nM CRH or vehicle for 20 hours before being loaded onto columns and perifused with 0.02 nM CRH and 100 nM cortisol. Columns were given a 5-mi...
Sabeur K, Vo AT, Ball BA.Angiotensin II is a hormone with a wide array of physiological effects that exerts its effect via interaction with two major subtypes of receptor. The results of this study show that angiotensin II (from 1 to 100 nmol l(-1)) initiates acrosomal exocytosis in equine spermatozoa that have undergone capacitation in vitro in a TALP-TEST (Tyrode's albumin lactate pyruvate; 188.7 mmol TES l(-1), 84.8 mmol Tris l(-1)) buffer with cAMP. The acrosome reaction and sperm viability were assessed with fluorescein isothiocyanate-Pisum sativum agglutinin (FITC-PSA) and Hoechst 33258, respectively. The initia...
Muzyamba MC, Speake PF, Gibson JS.The effect of oxidants on K(+)-Cl(-) cotransport (KCC) was investigated in equine red blood cells. Carbon monoxide mimicked O(2). The substituted benzaldehyde, 12C79 (5 mM), markedly increased O(2) affinity. In N(2), however, O(2) saturation was low (<10%) but KCC remained active. Nitrite (NO(2)(-)) oxidized heme to methemoglobin (metHb). High concentrations of NO(2)(-) (1 and 5 mM vs. 0.5 mM) increased KCC activity above control levels; it became O(2) independent but remained sensitive to other stimuli. 1-Chloro-2, 4-dinitrobenzene (1-3 mM) depleted reduced glutathione (GSH). Prolonged exp...
Manglai D, Wada R, Kurohmaru M, Yoshihara T, Kuwano A, Oikawa M, Hayashi Y.The present study attempted to clarify the characteristics of the guttural pouch mucosa in equines and to evaluate its foreign substance clearance ability. The specimens were collected from nine regions (eight in the guttural pouch mucosa, and one in the nasopharynx mucosa). We first examined the pouch mucosa by light and electron microscopy. We then measured the frequency of goblet cells per 200 epithelial cells, the length of the cilia, the thickness of the epithelial cell layer and lamina propria and statistically analyzed the data. The guttural pouch mucosa consisted of stratified columnar...
van den Hoogen BM, van de Lest CH, van Weeren PR, van Golde LM, Barneveld A.In osteochondrosis (OC) the process of endochondral ossification is impaired. Proteoglycans form one of the major components of the extracellular matrix of cartilage and are able to bind calcium. For this reason, proteoglycans are thought to play an important role early in the mineralisation process and may, therefore, be important in the pathogenesis of OC. To investigate possible differences in proteoglycan metabolism, normal and osteochondrotic articular-epiphyseal cartilage was harvested from the hock and stifle joints of 43 foals age 5 and 11 months. The samples were cultured as explants ...
Worster AA, Nixon AJ, Brower-Toland BD, Williams J.To determine the morphologic and phenotypic effects of transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta1) on cultured equine mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and articular chondrocytes. Methods: Bone marrow aspirates and articular cartilage samples from a 2-year-old and two 8-month-old horses. Methods: After initial isolation and culture, MSC and chondrocytes were cultured in Ham's F-12 medium supplemented with TGF-beta1 at a concentration of 0, 1, 5, or 10 ng/ml. Medium was exchanged on day 2, and cells were harvested on day 4. Medium was assayed for proteoglycan (PG) content. Total RNA was isolated fro...
Vahlenkamp TW, Enbergs HK, Müller H.Cells of the peripheral blood of experimentally and naturally borna disease virus (BDV)-infected animals and of human psychiatric patients and healthy individuals were analyzed for the presence of viral RNA using a BDV-p40-specific nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The assay proved to be highly sensitive as 10 RNA molecules were reproducibly amplified. BDV RNA was detected in blood cells of experimentally infected immunocompetent mice and rats. Mice were persistently infected without showing clinical signs of borna disease (BD), whereas the rats suffered from acu...
Gravance CG, Garner DL, Baumber J, Ball BA.The fluorescent carbocyanine dye, JC-1, labels mitochondria with high membrane potential orange and mitochondria with low membrane potential green. Evaluation of mitochondrial membrane potential with JC-1 has been used in a variety of cell types, including bull spermatozoa; however, JC-1 staining has not yet been reported for equine spermatozoa. The aim of this study was to apply JC-1 staining and assessment by flow cytometry or a fluorescence microplate reader for evaluation of mitochondrial function of equine spermatozoa. Six ejaculates from four stallions were collected and centrifuged thro...
John HA, Marrs J, Laffling AJ.In the autonomic nervous system (ANS) of equine grass sickness (GS) cases, some neurones show abnormal changes while neighbouring neurones are unaffected. To test whether noradrenergic neurones showed variable susceptibility to the GS toxin in culture, clonally-derived populations isolated from the same fetal thoracic sympathetic chain ganglion were challenged with plasma from GS cases previously shown to induce ANS damage when injected into normal horses. During the early stages of exposure to toxic plasma, cells within a clonal population showed variable susceptibility ranging from no obviou...
Benbarek H, Grülke S, Deby-Dupont G, Deby C, Mathy-Hartert M, Caudron I, Dessy-Doize C, Lamy M, Serteyn D.We studied the interactions of isolated equine neutrophils with endothelial cells in culture, mimicking a situation of acute inflammation. Our main purpose was to demonstrate that the supernatant of activated neutrophils was sufficient to damage endothelial cells. Equine endothelial cells (from carotid arteries) were covered either with increased numbers of equine neutrophils stimulated by phorbol myristate acetate, or with the supernatant collected after an in vitro stimulation of the neutrophils. Cytotoxicity was estimated by the release of preincorporated 51Cr, and by light microscopy obser...
McCann ME, Moore JN, Carrick JB, Barton MH.The effect of intravenous administration of lipid emulsions enriched with omega-3 (n3) and omega-6 (n6) fatty acids on equine monocyte phospholipid fatty acid composition and the synthesis of inflammatory mediators in vitro was evaluated. In a randomized crossover design, horses were infused intravenously with 20% lipid emulsions containing n3 or n6 fatty acids. Monocytes were isolated from the horses before and 0 h, 8 h, 24 h, and 7 days after lipid infusion. Monocyte fatty acid analysis demonstrated incorporation of the parenteral n3 and n6 fatty acids in monocyte phospholipids immediately a...
Forsell PK, Lindberg A, Karlsson S, Lindgren JA, Claesson HE.It has been demonstrated that equine neutrophils, but not eosinophils, require exogenous arachidonic acid for calcium ionophore A23187-induced leukotriene synthesis. Because cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)) plays an essential role in leukotriene formation in leukocytes, we investigated the presence of a functional cPLA(2) in equine neutrophils. To determine whether cPLA(2) from neutrophils was catalytically active, we purified the enzyme >6,500 fold with 3% recovery from equine neutrophils. The full-length cDNA sequence encoded a 749-amino acid protein. The deduced amino acid sequence...
Kumar P, Timoney JF, Southgate HH, Sheoran AS.The nasal turbinates of 5 young horses were studied by light and scanning electron-microscopy. Stratified cuboidal epithelium lined the rostral part of the dorsal and ventral nasal turbinates of the vestibular region. The polyangular microvillus cells of this region were separated by linear depressions. The mid and caudal parts of the dorsal and ventral nasal turbinates and the rostral part of the ethmoturbinates were lined by pseudostratified columnar ciliated respiratory epithelium. Numerous cilia with dilated blebs on the ciliated cells concealed adjacent non-ciliated supporting cells and g...
Altunay H.The fine structure of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), Bruch's membrane and choriocapillaris was investigated by light and transmission electron microscopy in both the tapetal and non-tapetal fundus of the horse eye. In all locations, the RPE consisted of a single layer of low cuboidal cells. The epithelial cells were joined laterally by apically located tight junctions. These cells displayed numerous basal infoldings and abundant thin apical processes which enclosed the rod outer segments. The epithelial cell nuclei were large and located basally. Within the epithelial cells, smooth endo...
Iqbal J, Dudhia J, Bird JL, Bayliss MT.The synthesis of proteoglycans was measured in normal equine articular cartilage of ages 9 months to 20 years and the effect of TGF-beta1 on this activity was investigated. The rate of incorporation of [(35)S]Na(2)SO(4) decreased with age as did the responsiveness of the tissue to the growth factor. The enhanced synthesis of proteoglycan induced at all ages by TGF-beta1 was down-regulated by IL-1 beta and retinoic acid. The expression of mRNA for TGF-beta1, 2, and 3 was also measured, and although the level of TGF-beta1 was highest at all ages, the expression of each growth factor decreased wi...
Töneke K.The density and subtype pattern of beta-adrenoceptors in equine tracheal epithelium, tracheal smooth muscle and heart from 6-9 horses were investigated by radioligand binding studies using the nonselective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist 125I-cyanopindolol (ICYP). The specific binding of ICYP was 341 +/- 162 fmol/mg protein (mean +/- SD) for epithelium, 42 +/- 13 fmol/mg for smooth muscle and 124 +/- 39 and 101+/- 19 fmol/mg for the cardiac atrium and ventricle, respectively. The Kd value of ICYP was 6.7 10.2 pmol/L. In competition studies, different concentrations of either the beta2-selective d...
Mazerbourg S, Zapf J, Bar RS, Brigstock DR, Monget P.We recently showed that insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-4 (IGFBP-4) proteolytic degradation in ovine preovulatory ovarian follicles is IGF-dependent and regulated by the heparin-binding domain (HBD) from IGFBP-3 and from connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), heparan/heparin-interacting protein (HIP), and vitronectin. The present study investigated regulation of IGFBP-4 proteolytic degradation in porcine, bovine, and equine ovarian preovulatory follicles. Follicular fluid from such preovulatory follicles contains proteolytic activity, degrading exogenous IGFBP-4. An excess of IGF-I...
Bonsembiante F, Perazzi A, Deganello A, Gelain ME, Iacopetti I.The cytobrush technique is commonly used to sample the equine ocular surface. Impression cytology (IC) is an innovative noninvasive method, which allows for the collection of superficial layers of ocular epithelium. Objective: The aims of this study were to compare the cytobrush and IC techniques on healthy equine ocular surfaces, to assess the agreement between observers with different levels of expertise, and to test the preservability of filters over time. Methods: Twenty-four horses were sampled within 10 minutes of slaughter using IC on the left eye and the cytobrush technique on the rig...
Wales AD, Whitwell KE.Two samples were taken postmortem from the rectum of each of 14 horses with grass sickness and 10 control horses, and four sections stained with haematoxylin and eosin were examined. By using as a criterion of grass sickness the presence of three chromatolytic neurons, 10 of the 14 cases were positive and none of the control horses was positive, giving a sensitivity of 71 per cent and a specificity of 100 per cent. No other histological features appeared to be of diagnostic value, and staining for Nissl substance in neurons with cresyl fast violet and methyl green-pyronin did not improve the s...
Auer DE, Ng JC, Seawright AA.The effect of oxygen derived free radicals (ODFR) upon the specific viscosity of equine synovial fluid was studied. ODFR were generated either by a mixture of ferrous iron and EDTA (Fe/EDTA) or by a mixture of hypoxanthine and xanthine oxidase (HX/XO). Incubation of the synovial fluid with both free radical generating systems decreased its specific viscosity. When the synovial fluid was incubated with Fe/EDTA the specific viscosity of the synovial fluid was reduced rapidly. By 2 mins, it was 53 +/- 3 per cent of the original specific viscosity and by 30 mins it was reduced to 39 +/- 5 per cent...
Rejnö S.LDH is an intracellular enzyme, which when cells degenerate is released to the extracellular spaces and body fluids. Cells and organs in the mammalian body differ from each other with respect to their LDH isoenzyme patterns. These circumstances have led to the use of LDH isoenzyme determinations in laboratory diagnostic work. In the present investigation total LDH activity and LDH isoenzyme distribution in equine synovial fluid from healthy joints, joints with serous arthritis, osteochondrosis dissecans and arthrosis, were determined. The fluids from the diseased joints differed from normal sy...
Carakostas MC, Moore WE, Smith JE.Intravascular granulocyte kinetics in 4 healthy horses were determined with chromium-51 as the cell label. The disappearance rate of labeled granulocytes was an exponential function. Mean total blood granulocyte pool (+/- 1 SD) was 5.65 +/- 1.514 X 10(8) granulocytes/kg of body weight, of which 2.71 +/- 0.715 X 10(8) granulocytes/kg were circulating and 2.94 +/- 0.876 X 10(8) granulocytes/kg were marginated along blood vessel walls. The mean disappearance half-life (T1/2) was 10.5 +/- 1.33 hours and the mean granulocyte turnover rate was 8.84 +/- 1.495 X 10(8) granulocytes/kg/day. A granulokin...
Peters GJ, Veerkamp JH.Optimal conditions for stimulation by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) were established for equine, porcine, ovine and human lymphocytes in MEMS medium. Optimal thymidine concentration was determined for assay of cell transformation. With all species tested horse serum gave highest thymidine incorporation. Homologous serum was not more appropriate for lymphocytes of man, pig and sheep. Optimal stimulation was achieved at 20, 0.5-5, 5, and 10-40 micrograms PHA per 10(6) cells for human, equine, porcine and ovine lymphocytes, respectively.
Heath TJ, Perkins NR.The pathways through which lymph flows from terminal afferent lymphatics to the lymph sinuses, and from the sinuses to initial efferent lymphatics, were studied in horse lymph nodes by using Microfil casts and electron microscopy. Terminal afferent lymphatics are continuous with the subcapsular sinus through oval holes, about 3 microns wide, along their length, and through larger openings near their end. Other terminal afferents penetrate into the node within trabeculae and are supported by processes across the lumen. They connect with trabecular and medullary sinuses through oval or round hol...
Krista KM, White NA, Barrett JG, Furr MO, Buechner-Maxwell VA.To quantify peripheral blood neutrophil apoptosis in equine patients with acute abdominal disease (ie, colic) caused by strangulating or nonstrangulating intestinal lesions and compare these values with values for horses undergoing elective arthroscopic surgery. Methods: 20 client-owned adult horses. Methods: Peripheral blood was collected from horses immediately prior to and 24 hours after surgery for treatment of colic (n = 10) or elective arthroscopic surgery (10), and neutrophils were counted. Following isolation by means of a bilayer colloidal silica particle gradient and culture for 24 h...
Arfuso F, Piccione G, Trimarchi F, Panzera MF, Giannetto C.Horse trekking is a non-competitive sport that, as other kinds of exercise, involves skeletal muscle effort and may implicate significant energy expenditure leading to stress. The aim of the current study was to assess the effect of trekking on metabolic and stress response as well as muscle damage markers in clinically healthy horses. Thirty horses were equally divided in 3 groups according to trekking course: Group A (trekking course 15 km long), Group B (trekking course 35 km long starting;), Group C (three trekking courses for three consecutive days; during the first day the trekking cours...
Hamanaka S, Handa S, Inoue J, Hasegawa A, Yamakawa T.The ganglioside patterns of erythrocytes from individual horses and cattle were examined. Variations in the ganglioside patterns were found in both horses and cattle. In the erythrocytes of most horses examined, NeuGc-Gal-Glc-ceramide (NeuGc-GM3) of 25 horses examined had only NeuGc-GM3 with no 4-O-Ac-NeuGc-GM3. The erythrocytes of various breeds of cattle had a characteristic ganglioside pattern, but they could be divided into 4 types on the basis of the composition of their gangliosides.
Baskurt OK, Meiselman HJ.To evaluate the rheologic responses of equine versus human RBC to oxidant stress induced by superoxide anions. Methods: Equine blood samples were obtained from 8 healthy, 3- to 6-year-old various breed horses of either sex; human blood samples were obtained from 8 healthy adults. Methods: Washed RBC were exposed to superoxide anions generated by the xanthine oxidase (XO)-hypoxanthine system (XO activity of 0 to 0.1 U/ml). Deformability of RBC was assessed by ektacytometry, and RBC aggregation was measured in autologous plasma or 3% solution of dextran 70 via a defined-shear photometric techniq...
Verger C.We have shown previously that hemoglobin greatly stimulates chick embryo cell proliferation in Eagle's minimal essential medium supplemented with horse serum. In the present study we compared the effects of horse serum plus 10 micrometers hemoglobin to those of fetal bovine serum on subcultures of chick embryo cells serially propagated at high cell densities. The cells became elongated in the presence of fetal bovine serum and their rate of proliferation progressively decreased, whereas they became polygonal in the presence of horse serum plus hemoglobin and proliferated well in successive cel...
Lucke VM, Lane JG.The clinical and pathological aspects of two cases of C-cell (parafollicular cell) tumours of the thyroid are described. Both the horse and the pony presented with a paralaryngeal mass and a history of constant gulping. Ultrastructural examination of the tumours demonstrated that they were composed of C-cells containing typical, membrane-bound secretory granules. The pony is alive and well three years after surgery and the horse has raced successfully following removal of the tumour.
Soraci A, Jaussaud P, Benoit E, Delatour P.Fenoprofen (FPF) is a chiral non-steroid antiinflammatory drug, marketed as a racemic mixture of its R(-) and S(+) enantiomers. Its stereoselective disposition in humans and animals is due to a chiral inversion converting R(-)FPF into S(+)FPF. The first step of this reaction, which produces an acyl-CoA thioester, is catalysed by an acyl-CoA ligase. A stereospecific high performance liquid chromatography assay was used to study the disposition of FPF enantiomers in four geldings and three male beagle dogs, following intravenous doses of racemic FPF (1 mg/kg in horses), R(-)FPF (0.5 mg/kg in hor...
Wnuk M, Villagómez DA, Bugno-Poniewierska M, Tumidajewicz P, Carter TF, Slota E.Nucleolar organizing regions (NORs) containing rDNA gene clusters have been assigned to the equine autosomes ECA1, ECA28, and ECA31. Active NORs (Ag-NORs) are associated with argyrophilic proteins, which allow them to be readily identified using silver staining techniques. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for rDNA can also be used to visualize all NOR clusters in the nucleus, regardless of whether they are active or inactive. The present study analyzed the distribution and behavior of equine Ag-NOR and NOR clusters in horse spermatozoa and during male meiosis by FISH and silver staini...
J Lacy K, Parlane NA, Riley CB, Gee EK, Roberts JM, McIlwraith CW.CellTrace Violet™ is a commonly used fluorescent dye used with flow cytometry to identify cell proliferation. Activated equine lymphocytes were examined using flow cytometry, microscopy and tritiated thymidine proliferation assays. CellTrace Violet™ was incorporated into the equine lymphocytes effectively. Equine lymphocytes proliferated when activated with pokeweed mitogen, but did not proliferate when previously stained with CellTrace Violet™. Serial dilutions of CellTrace Violet™ did not eliminate the inhibition of activated lymphocytes. Equine lymphocyte viability was greater than ...
Morgan SJ, Van Houten DS.Cells found in the intima and media of the cranial mesenteric artery of a mature mare with chronic arteritis were identified as smooth muscle cells and occurred in association with collagen and elastin fibres. As no fibroblasts were demonstrable within these regions, the smooth muscle cells were the likely source of the extracellular matrix. In contrast, the abnormal adventitis from the same artery contained abundant fibroblasts which are considered to be the source of the adventitial collagen.
Govaere J, Ducatelle R, Hoogewijs M, De Schauwer C, de Kruif A.This report describes a bilateral seminoma in a stallion. After slaughter, histological examination revealed that the tumour consisted predominantly of polyhedral tumour cells with large nuclei, obvious nucleoli and a small border of cytoplasm. The mitotic index was low and Ki67 staining revealed 4% nuclear staining. To our knowledge, this paper is the first using Ki67 staining as a method to evaluate the mitotic rate in a testicular seminoma in the stallion.
Song L, Porter DG, Coomber BL.Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs) play very important roles in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling in ovarian follicle growth and ovulation. Equine follicles are embedded in cortex that is at the center of the ovary, and they must expand/emigrate to the fossa, the only site in the ovary for ovulation. Therefore, equine ovarian stromal cells (EOSC) are probably involved in ECM remodeling during follicle growth. This study examined whether cultured EOSC synthesize gelatinases and TIMPs, molecules essential for ECM remodeling in other systems. Results showed...
Timoney PJ, Geraghty VP, Harrington AM, Dillon PB.A microneutralization test in PK(15) cells was developed to measure the neutralizing antibody response of a group of ponies experimentally challenged with louping ill virus. Viral cytopathic effect was maximal after 6 days of incubation, at which point titration endpoints were clear-cut and readily determinable. The assay compared favorably with the mouse neutralization test for accuracy and ease of performance.
Brusie RW, Sullins KE, Silverman DG, Rosenberger JL.Arteriovenous (ischaemic strangulating obstruction, ISO) and venous obstructions (haemorrhagic strangulating obstruction, HSO) were created for 70 min in the small intestine of eight anaesthetised horses, and ISO was created in four horses for 2 h and four horses for 3 h at the sternal and diaphragmatic flexures of the large colon. Five minutes following release of the occlusions, sodium fluorescein 20 per cent (0.5 mg/kg bodyweight intravenously) was administered. Serial quantitative measurements of serosal surface fluorescence of the injured segments and a control segment were made at 2, 10,...
Parma AE, Cerone SI, Sansinanea SA, Ghezzi M.C3 was detected bound in vivo to the opaque cornea of horses inoculated with killed Leptospira interrogans. Employing epithelial corneal cells isolated from a monolayer in tissue culture, we proved that C3 is fixed in vitro to the intact cell surface after incubation with a fresh equine anti-Leptospira serum. These findings, in addition to the infiltration of cornea with neutrophils and lymphocytes, may explain the mechanisms of tissue damage in recurrent uveitis of horses with leptospirosis.
Farley DC, Bannister R, Leroux-Carlucci MA, Evans NE, Miskin JE, Mitrophanous KA.The release of lentiviral vectors for clinical use requires the testing of vector material, production cells, and, if applicable, ex vivo-transduced cells for the presence of replication-competent lentivirus (RCL). Vectors derived from the nonprimate lentivirus equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) have been directly administered to patients in several clinical trials, with no toxicity observed to date. Because EIAV does not replicate in human cells, and because putative RCLs derived from vector components within human vector production cells would most likely be human cell-tropic, we previous...
Lin YL, Moolenaar H, van Weeren PR, van de Lest CH.To determine effects of microcurrent electrical tissue stimulation (METS) on equine tenocytes cultured from the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT). Methods: SDFTs were collected from 20 horses at slaughter. Methods: Tenocytes were isolated following outgrowth from explants and grown in 48-well plates. Four methods of delivering current to the tenocytes with a METS device were tested. Once the optimal method was selected, current consisting of 0 (negative control), 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, or 1.5 mA was applied to cells (8 wells/current intensity) once daily for 8 minutes. Cells were treated ...
Menzeleev RF, Smirnova GP, Chekareva NV, Zvonkova EN, Krasnopol'skiĭ IuM, Shvets VI.An increase of the mouse fibroblast proliferation by ganglioside GM3 from equine erythrocytes is described. The structure of GM3 has been established on the basis of chemical methods, enzymatic degradation, GC-MS, as well as plasma desorption mass spectrometry and HPLC of 9-anthrylmethyl esters of gangliosides to characterize the long-chain base composition. The oligosaccharide moiety includes an N-glycolylneuraminic acid residue, whereas the main components of the lipid moiety are 20:1 sphingosine and 24:0 fatty acids.
Veeramachaneni DN, Sawyer HR.The presence of atypical germ cells resembling carcinoma in situ of human testis is reported for the first time in an unilaterally cryptorchid stallion. These cells were found in association with developing intratubular seminoma indicating they represented carcinoma in situ.
Segura D, Monreal L, Pérez-Pujol S, Alonso A, Díaz-Ricart M, Brugués R, Ordinas A, Escolar G.The aim of this study was to investigate whether etamsylate produces equine platelet activation. In vitro and in vivo studies were designed in which seven and eight adult healthy horses were included, respectively. In the in vitro study, citrated blood was incubated with different concentrations of etamsylate, and P-selectin expression and annexin V binding were determined by flow cytometry. In the in vivo study, blood was collected before and 1 and 2h after IV administration of etamsylate, and P-selectin expression was evaluated. In the in vitro study, a significant increase in P-selectin exp...
Asari M, Sasaki K, Kano Y, Nishita T.The immunolocalization of carbonic anhydrase isozymes in equine salivary glands was investigated for assessment of their biologic functions. In parotid glands, duct segments showed reactivity with CA-I and CA-III. CA-III was selectively located in duct segments, particularly in the basal cells of the interlobular duct. Serous acinar cells were positive for CA-I and CA-II. In submandibular glands, CA-I and CA-II were present in serous demilune and duct segments. CA-II was selectively located in the duct segments, as also noted in the parotid gland. In sublingual glands, CA-I and CA-II were loca...
Bone reportsJanuary 5, 2023
Volume 18 101653 doi: 10.1016/j.bonr.2023.101653
Grissom SK, Semevolos SA, Duesterdieck-Zellmer K.The objective of this study is to better understand the pathogenesis of early equine osteochondrosis (OC) by identifying differences in gene and protein expression of extracellular matrix components and regulators in normal and diseased cartilage and bone, focusing on the osteochondral junction and cells surrounding the cartilage canals. We expected to find an upregulation of matrix metalloproteinases and a decrease in extracellular matrix constituent expression along the osteochondral junction and cells surrounding the cartilage canals in OC samples. Paraffin-embedded osteochondral samples (6...
Sprekeler N, Müller T, Kowalewski MP, Liesegang A, Boos A.In many species, the small intestine is the major site of calcium (Ca(2+)) absorption. The horse differs considerably from most other species with regard to the physiology of its Ca(2+) metabolism and digestion. Thus, this study was performed to get more information about the transcellular Ca(2+) absorption in the horse.Two mechanisms of intestinal Ca(2+) absorption are described: the passive paracellular pathway and the active, vitamin D-dependent transcellular pathway. The latter involves the following elements: vitamin D receptors (VDR), transient receptor potential vanilloid channel member...
