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Topic:Diagnosis
Diagnosis in horses involves the systematic identification of diseases and conditions affecting equine health. This process relies on a combination of clinical evaluations, laboratory tests, imaging techniques, and other diagnostic tools to assess the health status of horses. Veterinarians utilize these methods to identify symptoms, determine the underlying causes of health issues, and formulate appropriate treatment plans. Diagnostic procedures in equine medicine can include blood tests, ultrasound, radiography, endoscopy, and more specialized tests such as genetic screening or advanced imaging modalities like MRI and CT scans. This page aggregates peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various diagnostic techniques, their applications, and advancements in the field of equine veterinary medicine.
Hereditary multiple exostosis. A comparative human-equine-epidemiologic study. Hereditary multiple exostosis (HME), a bone tumor first described by Virchow, has been studied over a period of 15 years on a comparative basis. The horse, an excellent biomedical model for this physically deforming multiple bone tumor in man, has been utilized in this study. The etiology, hereditary pattern, potential for malignancy and other aspects of this strange affliction need additional clarification. This in-depth study of 261 individuals from 144 families was compared with that of 55 horses bearing the HME trait, selectively bred and studied over the same period. Important information...
Identification of hindleg lameness. The use of markers placed over the tuber coxae on each side of a horse to aid identification of the relative movement of these structures at the trot, for teaching and research purposes, is described. In each case of hindleg lameness studied, the tuber coxae on the lame side showed a consistent increase in vertical displacement relative to that of the contralateral limb, and a characteristic pattern of movement throughout the stride irrespective of the site or cause of pain.
Contrast radiography in the investigation of sinus tracts and abscess cavities in the horse. Contrast radiography is a valuable technique in the investigation of infected foci in the horse. Its simplest form, a metal probe, will demonstrate the direction and, in the case of a short tract, the extent of the lesion. However, liquid contrast agents often give more information by following the course of long, tortuous sinus tracts, accurately delineating the boundaries of lesions and identifying the presence of foreign bodies.
Congenital vascular tumours in the skin of horses. Congenital vascular tumours in the skin of the legs of two horses showed histological features at biopsy which were consistent with capillary haemangioma but, at necropsy, one tumour had invaded the superficial digital flexor tendon and was therefore classified as a haemangiosarcoma.
A potential technique error in stapled side-to-side anastomosis of the small intestine of the horse. Anastomotic leakage was noted to occur at the junction of the staple lines used to create the stoma during small intestine side-to-side anastomosis. The anastomosis was performed in a clinical equine patient by joining the lateral surfaces of the intestinal segments using a gastrointestinal anastomosis stapling instrument (GIA). The cause of this problem was investigated by performing six anastomoses in the jejunum of a single anesthetized adult horse using the GIA; three anastomoses were created by joining the antimesenteric edges of the bowel segments and three anastomoses were created by jo...
Suppurative splenitis and peritonitis in a horse after gastric ulceration caused by larvae of Gasterophilus intestinalis. A 12-year-old Thoroughbred mare, with a history of anorexia, dramatic weight loss, fluctuating pyrexia and intermittent diarrhoea after an episode of colic, was presented for examination with depression, emaciation and ataxia. Thoracic and abdominal paracenteses yielded copious quantities of inflammatory exudate. Palpation per rectum revealed an enlarged spleen. The primary alterations in haematology included a severe leucocytosis with a left shift, and a hyperproteinaemia characterised by hypoalbuminaemia and hypergammaglobulinaemia. Post-mortem examination revealed a low grade pleurisy and p...
Allergic dermatitis (sweet itch) of Icelandic horses in Sweden: an epidemiological study. A survey of allergic dermatitis (sweet itch) in Sweden contained information on 441 Icelandic horses. Results of a questionnaire indicated that approximately 15 per cent of the country's Icelandic horses suffered from the disease. The prevalence of allergic dermatitis was significantly higher among horses imported from Iceland (26.2 per cent) compared to that of Swedish-born animals (6.7 per cent). In addition, horses born in Iceland were significantly more severely affected than horses born in Sweden. The risk of allergic dermatitis in Sweden appeared to be more than six times higher for hors...
Antimicrobial susceptibility of microorganisms isolated from equine orthopedic patients. Positive cultures were obtained from 60 equine orthopedic cases during a 12 year period (1974-1985). These cases consisted of 34 long or cuboidal bone fractures, 13 arthrotomy/arthroscopy procedures for removal or internal fixation of a fracture, 7 proximal splint bone fractures, and 6 facial or mandibular fractures. Excluding the 13 arthrotomies, only 10 (21%) of the 47 were open fractures. Multiple organisms were isolated from 36 cases (20 long or cuboidal bone fractures, 7 splint bone fractures, 5 mandibular fractures, and 4 intra-articular fractures). Of the 142 isolates, 35 (24%) were mem...
Equine testicular interstitial cell tumors. Interstitial cell tumors from nine stallions were described. In all but one horse the tumors were found in undescended testes. Five animals had bilateral tumors. Two animals showed increased aggression. Tumors contained two cell types. The first type were large distinctly bordered eosinophilic cells interpreted to be hyperplastic and hypertrophic interstitial cells. They blended with pleomorphic often spindloid neoplastic cells which had fibrillar, vacuolated cytoplasm and indistinct cell borders. This latter cell population was arranged in nodules or broad sheets as endocrine-like packets or ...
Regulation of equine herpesvirus type 1 gene expression: characterization of immediate early, early, and late transcription. The regulation of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) transcription was examined in infected rabbit kidney cells using metabolic inhibitors. In order to map EHV-1 immediate early, early, and late transcripts, viral RNA was 32P-labeled in vivo and hybridized to EHV-1 DNA restriction fragments immobilized on nitrocellulose filters. Immediate early viral RNA was mapped to one region of the viral genome within the inverted repeat DNA sequences (map units 0.78-0.83 and 0.95-1.0). Northern blot hybridization analysis using a 32P-labeled cloned DNA probe from this region identified a single immediate e...
Screening of amphetamines by gradient microbore liquid chromatography and pre-column technology. Amphetamine-type drugs with a wide polarity range have been screened in both human and horse urine using on-line pre-concentration on pre-columns packed with hydrophobic and cation-exchange sorbents in series and gradient microbore high-performance liquid chromatography. The underivatized amphetamines were identified by UV detection at 210 nm. The method has potential for the automated liquid chromatographic screening of amphetamines in urine, e.g., for doping control.
Congenital sinus cyst in a foal. Radiography and endoscopy of a 17-day-old Standardbred foal that had right-sided facial swelling and dyspnea since birth revealed a soft tissue mass in the right nasal passage and right maxillary and frontal sinuses. A bone flap was used to expose the mass, and a fluid-filled structure was removed surgically. After surgery, the dyspnea was alleviated. The facial deformity resolved by the time the foal was 6 months old. The upper airway obstruction was absent clinically and endoscopically by the time the foal was 17 months old.
Group C streptococcal arthritis. A case report of equine transmission. Presented is the third known case of a group C streptococcal arthritis, this case documented in a healthy 42-year-old horse trainer, apparently transmitted by a mare. After a delayed diagnosis, the patient responded favorably to surgical drainage and parenteral penicillin G, but required a manipulation of his knee under general anesthesia. Although rare, group C streptococcal arthritis can occur in hosts with no apparent predisposing factors. Frequent exposure to farm animals may increase the risk.
An equine rotavirus (FI-14 strain) which bears both subgroup I and subgroup II specificities on its VP6. An equinine rotavirus FI-14 strain, originally isolated from a diarrheic foal in New York state, was shown to belong to serotype 3 by neutralization assay. In addition, it was found to react with both subgroup I and subgroup II monoclonal antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), thus representing the first rotavirus strain to exhibit both subgroup specificities. By using hybridoma technology, we successfully produced monoclonal antibodies directed against the major inner capsid protein VP6 (the sixth gene product) of FI-14 virus. Such monoclonal antibodies reacted specifically ...
Rational selection of antimicrobial drugs for treatment of infections of horses. The goal of antimicrobial drug use is quite specific. Consideration of many microbe-related, host-related, and drug-related factors is necessary for appropriate selection and use of antimicrobial drugs in equine patients. The concepts and data presented in this article demonstrate that fact. At the risk of oversimplification, "The bug denotes the drug, and the horse directs the course."
Adverse drug reactions in the horse. Adverse drug reactions occasionally occur in the horse. The majority can be anticipated and avoided. The practicing veterinarian should understand the various types of adverse reactions as well as their mechanisms so that should such a reaction occur, the practitioner can promptly recognize the problem and institute corrective measures.
Antimicrobic susceptibility of bacterial pathogens from horses. Rational choice of an antimicrobial agent requires that the condition for which the drug is prescribed contain an infectious agent and, if so, knowledge of the susceptibility of the microorganism to antimicrobial drugs. Unfortunately, most infectious conditions necessitate the use of an antimicrobic drug before data from the microbiology laboratory are available. The data presented are meant to serve as a guide in the choice of antimicrobic drugs for treatment of infectious processes of the horse before knowledge of the nature of the microorganism isolated as well as its susceptibility to anti...
