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Topic:Diagnosis
Diagnosis in horses involves the systematic identification of diseases and conditions affecting equine health. This process relies on a combination of clinical evaluations, laboratory tests, imaging techniques, and other diagnostic tools to assess the health status of horses. Veterinarians utilize these methods to identify symptoms, determine the underlying causes of health issues, and formulate appropriate treatment plans. Diagnostic procedures in equine medicine can include blood tests, ultrasound, radiography, endoscopy, and more specialized tests such as genetic screening or advanced imaging modalities like MRI and CT scans. This page aggregates peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various diagnostic techniques, their applications, and advancements in the field of equine veterinary medicine.
Tissue-invading ciliates associated with chronic colitis in a horse. Ciliates resembling Polymorphella ampulla (Dogiel, 1929) were found in large numbers in the crypts and lamina propria of the caecum and colon of a one-year-old Thoroughbred gelding that had shown recurring bouts of chronic diarrhoea and weight loss over a 5-month period. A heavy burden of helminths, mainly cyathostomes (trichonemes) was present at post-mortem examination and no significant bacterial pathogens were recovered. It was considered that the Polymorphella (which is normally a commensal organism) had in this case assumed a secondary pathogenic role.
An outbreak of suspected equine infectious anaemia in Guyana. An outbreak of suspected equine infectious anaemia (EIA) among a population of 678 horses from 16 farms occurred in the Rupununi Savannahs of Guyana. Clinical signs of EIA were detected in 110 horses. Agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) tests on 92 sera examined showed positive serological evidence of EIA in 67 (72·8%). The mean packed cell volume of 50 horses studied was 0·178
and the mean red blood cell count was 3·7 × 1012/l with the mean white blood cell count 4·1 × 109/l.
The morbidity rate of the disease was 14·0% and the mortality rate 11·1%. The majority (78%) of all seroposi...
Joint report of the Third International Workshop on Lymphocyte Alloantigens of the Horse, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, 25-27 April 1984. The Third International Workshop on Lymphocyte Alloantigens of the Horse was held on 25-27 April 1984 in Kennett Square, Pennsylvania. Twelve laboratories from five countries participated. The principal purpose of this Workshop was to determine the phenotypic and gene frequencies of the 10 equine lymphocyte antigens (ELA) and a non-ELA lymphocyte antigen, ELY-2.1, in several breeds of horse. A total of 86 alloantisera characterized in previous workshops were tested against lymphocytes from 1179 horses. In addition, several experimental antisera were also tested against the same panel of lympho...
XO syndrome in the mare. Only one X chromosome was found in each of the lymphocyte metaphases studied in an infertile mare. Karyotype analysis was made with the CBG and GTG banding techniques. The most obvious clinical abnormality was gonadal hypoplasia.
Cervicothoracic (stellate) ganglion block in conscious horses. Seven adult horses were used to compare the cardiovascular and respiratory effects of unilateral (right side) and bilateral cervicothoracic ganglion (CTG) blockade. An 18-gauge, 25-cm needle was placed midventrally between articulations of the 1st and 2nd ribs from a cranial and paratracheal site. One gram of lidocaine HCl in aqueous solution (100 ml) was used to infiltrate the CTG. Cervicothoracic sympathetic blockade was characterized by Horner's syndrome, increased skin temperature and profuse sweating over the face, neck, and thoracic limb. Comparison of base-line data with data obtained d...
[Endoscopic findings in horses with diseases of the upper respiratory tract]. With the aid of a flexible glassfibre endoscope, a 300 W cold light source and a special adapted camera, colour photographs of the upper respiratory tract of horses were taken. These pictures served to present especially the disease processes of the different areas of the upper respiratory tract which lead to a constriction of the lumen. These included proliferation in the nose, guttural pouch diseases and larynx diseases such as hemiplegia, subepiglottic cysts, epiglottic entrapment and rostral displacement of the plica palatopharyngica. Furthermore endoscopic findings of changes in the soft ...
Purine enzyme activities as markers of lymphocytic differentiation: studies of lymphocytes from horses with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) occurs in horses of the Arabian breed and is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait1. Affected foals are severely lymphopenic with an absence of functional B and T lymphocytes.2 The few lymphocytes that can be found in affected foals resemble large granular lymphocytes (LGL) and can be grown long-term with media containing interleukin-2 (IL-2).3 The disorder is restricted to the lymphoid system, as other leukocytes are functionally and quantitatively normal.4
Electromyographic, myomechanical, and intraluminal pressure changes associated with acute extraluminal obstruction of the jejunum in conscious ponies. Bipolar electrodes, strain gauge force transducers, intraluminal pressure recording catheters, and extraluminal intestinal obstructors were surgically implanted in 4 ponies to record myoelectrical and mechanical activity of the distal portion of the jejunum and ileum. After determining normal intestinal activity and pressures, the distal portion of the jejunum was obstructed with an extraluminal obstructor. Myoelectrical and mechanical activity recorded from jejunal segments proximal to the obstruction increased significantly (P less than 0.01), whereas activity distal to the obstruction remai...
Antistreptolysin O titer in horses. Antistreptolysin O (ASO) titers were determined in the sera of 532 horses from stud farms and 436 working horses from small farms. A statistically significant correlation was seen between the ASO titer and the age of the horses. There was a significant difference between mean ASO titer in horses 0-2 years and horses 2-10 years In horses older than 10 years the titer was significantly higher than mean ASO titer for the group. Twenty four of 30 horses in which ASO titer was higher or equal to 80 I.U. had histories which suggested that streptococcal infection had occurred. Clinical and bacteriolo...
[14C]monensin balance in bile-fistulated ponies. To measure absorption of monensin or its metabolites and its elimination from the body, [14C]monensin sodium was given orally (1 mg/kg body wt) to two bile-fistulated ponies and iv (8.7 mg) to one bile-fistulated pony. For one orally-dosed pony, 4.7% of the 14C was eliminated in bile, 52% in feces, .7% in urine and 33% remained in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract after 3 d. Total 14C recovery was 90%. For the other orally-dosed pony, 18.3% of the 14C was eliminated in bile, 69% in feces, 1.7% in urine and 7% remained in the GI tract after 4 d. Total 14C recovery was 98%. For the iv-dosed pony, ...
Blind-end atresia coli in two foals. Blind-end atresia coli was observed in two genetically unrelated foals at about the same time and location. The two foals, one an Appaloosa and the other a Quarterhorse, were born 4 days apart on nearby but separate farms. The Appaloosa foal died after surgical anastomosis of the affected segments of the colon. The Quarterhorse foal was euthanized after the defect was found at laparotomy. Both foals were necropsied and representative tissues were examined histopathologically. Histopathologic results were unremarkable. No cause of the defects could be determined and the timing and geographical ...
Increased acidophilia of eosinophil granules after EDTA treatment. The acidophilic reaction of eosinophil leucocyte granules from human, pig and horse blood smears was investigated by using May-Grünwald-Giemsa staining after previous treatment with EDTA and sodium citrate solutions. The same peak at 530 nm, but absorption values considerably higher than those of controls, were found in eosinophil granules after application of chelating agents, indicating that removal of metal cations could unmask basic groups in these structures.
Segregation distortion within the equine MHC; analogy to a mouse T/t-complex trait. Segregation distortion was found for a haplotype of the equine lymphocyte antigen (ELA) system in an extended family of American Standardbred horses. In one sire family, consisting of a stallion and his 17 sons and grandsons, the gene for ELA-A10 (A10) was transmitted to 57.7% of 638 offspring scored (P = 0.001). Significant segregation distortion was not seen for mares or for unrelated stallions, regardless of the ELA markers they possessed. Since the effect was seen for this one sire family and not seen for other stallions with A10, it is unlikely that the gene for A10 is the cause of this p...
[Nomenclature of the clitoris and preputium of the mare in relation to the surgical removal of the clitoral sinus according to CEM regulations]. The cavity, that belongs to the glans clitoridis and that has to be removed in accord with the regulations and rules for the import of horses of CEM carrier states, has not been taken up in the NAV (1983). Conform to the statements of the clinical physicians and to the declarations of the American literature the nomenclature "Sinus clitoridis" is proposed for the international use.
Electrophoretic polymorphism and molecular structure of equine C3. Plasma or serum samples from 12 Arabian and 181 standardbred horses have been typed using an immunofixation technique to determine electrophoretic polymorphism of equine third complement component (C3). Six distinctly different electrophoretic patterns of equine C3 have been recognized thus far. SDS PAGE analysis of equine C3/anti C3 complexes revealed that the submolecular structure comprised an alpha chain and beta chain of molecular weights approximately 118,000 and 63,000 daltons respectively. The molecular weights of the alpha and beta chains were similar in all electrophoretic variants t...
Bilateral salpingitis, hydrosalpinx and oophoritis in a mare. Bilateral salpingitis, hydrosalpinx and oophoritis were diagnosed in a mare with concurrent lymphosarcoma. Salpingitis, hydrosalpinx and oophoritis are rare in the mare (1,2,3,5,8,9,11-13). Bilateral salpingitis is an important cause of infertility in all species and is most often due to ascending infection (3-5,10,11). The source of salpingitis in this mare probably was ascending infection from the uterus after parturition. The apparent infertility of the mare was attributed to debilitation from the lymphosarcoma and multiplicity of genital pathoses.
Comparison of antiproteolytic activities of alpha-1-proteinase inhibitors from the plasma of some mammalian species. Alpha-1-proteinase inhibitors isolated from plasmas of horse, ox, pig, rabbit and man were used for determination of some kinetic parameters of interaction with three horse leucocyte proteinases and bovine pancreatic trypsin and chymotrypsin. Effective molar ratio of enzyme-to-inhibitor, inactivation rate constant and inhibition constant were measured. In horse, ox, pig and rabbit two principal electrophoretic forms of alpha 1-PI could be distinguished. Both forms effectively inhibited trypsin but usually only one form reacted promptly and stoichiometrically with chymotrypsin and leucocyte ela...
