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Topic:Diagnosis
Diagnosis in horses involves the systematic identification of diseases and conditions affecting equine health. This process relies on a combination of clinical evaluations, laboratory tests, imaging techniques, and other diagnostic tools to assess the health status of horses. Veterinarians utilize these methods to identify symptoms, determine the underlying causes of health issues, and formulate appropriate treatment plans. Diagnostic procedures in equine medicine can include blood tests, ultrasound, radiography, endoscopy, and more specialized tests such as genetic screening or advanced imaging modalities like MRI and CT scans. This page aggregates peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various diagnostic techniques, their applications, and advancements in the field of equine veterinary medicine.
Heart rate during a defined exercise test in horses with heart and lung diseases. During a gradually increasing exercise test heart rates were determined in healthy animals and in 2 groups of sick horse. These included 31 animals with a chronic pulmonary disorder and 5 with chronic heart disease. The alteration in heart rate was correlated with the clinical signs exhibited. In the horses with lung disease there was a close correlation between the stage of the diseases and the heart rate during the exercise test. In 3 animals with heart valve disease there was no apparent difference in heart rate compared with healthy horses. On the other hand the exercising heart rate of ho...
Changes in the caecal flora associated with the onset of laminitis. Caecal fluid samples collected 8 and 24 hours after carbohydrate overload were quantitatively compared to control samples in terms of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Concomitant increases in lactic acid-producing bacteria and decreases in Gram negative bacteria were substantiated during the onset of acute laminitis. Progressive decreases in caecal fluid pH were also quantitated. Although endotoxin assays of caecal fluid and blood were not done, the caecal flora changes suggest its presence during the onset of acute laminitis.
Repair of fractured dens of the axis in a foal. Quadriplegia of 4 days' duration in a 3-week-old foal was caused by displacement of the dens of the axis due to a fracture at the dens growth plate. The displacement was reduced and was immobilized surgically. Two months after surgery, the foal was able to rise, walk, and trot without apparent neurologic deficiencies. Three years later, the only defect was a mild gait disturbance in the left hindlimb seen at a canter and a gallop.
Reference values for clinical chemistry using the Coulter Chemistry System. Reference (normal) ranges were established for clinical chemistry results obtained from the Coulter Chemistry instrument on specimens from dogs, cats, horses, and cattle. These results, in general, are very similar to those reported in the current veterinary literature. The specimens obtained from horses and cows were subdivided according to age and lactation status, respectively. Significant differences were noted between the subgroups in the results of certain tests.
Hyperlipaemia in ponies. The case histories and clinical findings of 15 ponies with hyperlipaemia are presented. The disease was characterised by hyperlipidaemia with inappetance, progressing somnolence, muscle fasciculation, diarrhoea, and ventral oedema as the predominant clinical findings. Post mortem examinations of 12 ponies showed extensive lipidosis and vascular thrombosis with widespread secondary changes. Most cases occurred in late pregnant and early lactating mares in the summer months and it is postulated that the disease was initiated in this group by a falling nutritional plane in the face of high nutrie...
[Studying the faeces for the presence of parasites in horses and ponies (author’s transl)]. In 3,791 horses and ponies submitted to the Department of Internal Disease of Farm Animals of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht, the faeces were studied for the presence of parasites. The results were classified by age groups and months of arrival. Eggs of the Strongylus type were found to be present in 57.3 per cent of the faecal samples, eggs of Parascaris equorum were present in 6.1 per cent, eggs of Oxyuris equi in 1.2 per cent, eggs or larvae of Dictyocaulus arnfieldi in 0.2 per cent, eggs of Anoplocephala in 2.5 per cent and oocysts of Eimeria leuckarti in 0.3 per cent. Eggs of...
The prevalence of antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii among hospitalized animals and stray dogs. Hospitalized animals and stray dogs were serologically tested for antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii. In addition, the data were examined for the possibility of toxoplasmosis infection being associated with the clinical diagnosis and with the discharge status (alive vs. dead). Among 1056 hospitalized animals, 17 (20%) of 86 cats, 112 (14%) of 804 dogs, 34 (26%) of 133 horses and 6 (18%) of 33 cattle had serological evidence of infection with T. gondii. Only 22 (6%) of 342 young (median age = one year) stray dogs were seropositive. The difference in antibody prevalence between hospitalized an...
Common membrane neoantigens on bovine papilloma virus-induced fibroma cells from cattle and horses. Cultured cells from bovine papilloma virus (BPV)-induced fibroblastic tumors and normal dermis of cattle, horses, and hamsters were examined for cell membrane or internal neoantigens, using the indirect immunofluorescence technique. Sera from cattle and horses bearing BPV-induced fibromas cross reacted with cell membranes of tumor, but not with normal dermal cells of both species. The reaction could be blocked with homologous, but not heterologous, serum of these 2 species. Immunofluorescence was not detected with sera from hamsters bearing BPV-induced sarcomas if incubated with bovine, equine...
A report on clinical aspects and histopathology of sweet itch. Sweet itch is an intensely pruritic dermatitis of horses recurring annually in Ireland from April to November. The tissue changes of sweet itch have similarities to immediate-type hypersensitivity reactions which occur in skin sensitised to the saliva of bloodsucking insects. There was subepidermal oedema, and marked eosinophilia; the blood vessels were tortuous and enlarged. Microfilaria were not found in serial sections of lesions of 5 affected horses. The histopathology of the immediate dermal remal reaction to the intradermal injection of Culicoides extract shows dermal vasodilation and eo...
A complement fixation test for antibody to the contagious equine metritis organism. A complement fixation test (CFT) based on that used for brucellosis (Brinley Morgan and others 1971) has been developed for use on the sera of horses exposed to the contagious equine metritis (CEM) organism. None of 50 single samples from horses thought to be unexposed to the CEM organism was positive to the test, although five showed inconclusive reactions. Samples were examined from 41 mares either proved to be infected or from an infected stud. Of these 21 were positive, 11 were inconclusive and nine were negative. The relationship of the CFT to reactions in the other tests used in this con...
Surgical approach for medial meniscectomy in the horse. After preliminary studies on cadavers, a surgical approach was developed for removal of the medial meniscus, offering maximal exposure and minimal trauma to the articular surfaces of the medial tibial plateau and femoral condyle. Medial meniscectomy was then performed on 10 clinically normal horses that had been given general anesthesia. Nine horses were euthanatized at intervals of 1 to 6 months, and the joints were evaluated grossly and histologically. (One horse will be examined 1 year after surgery). Medial meniscus tears were diagnosed in 5 horses; medial meniscectomy was done on 4 horses...
Infective arthritis of the elbow joint in horses. Six horses were found to have infective arthritis of one elbow joint. The history, and presence of a small wound on the lateral aspect of the elbow suggested the condition was trauma induced. Two horses recovered following joint lavage under general anaesthesia and antibiotic therapy. The joint changes found post mortem in the others were characteristic of an infective arthritis.
Primary, severe, combined immunodeficiency disease of Arabian foals. Set in a context of immunodeficiency diseases in general this paper provides a brief, illustrated review of a primary, severe, combined immunodeficiency (PSCID) disease of Arabian foals. Affected foals are clinically normal at birth but beginning at about 10 days of age they develop a range of clinical signs particularly bronchopneumonia and diarrhoea with which adenoviruses are peculiarly associated. Despite intensive therapy foals invariably die by about 3 months of age. Affected foals are profoundly lymphopagenic (greater than 1000 lymphcoytes per mm3). There is thymic and lymph node hypopl...
Pathogenicity of equine herpesvirus: in vivo persistence in equine tissue macrophages of herpesviuus type 2 detected in monolayer macrophage cell culture. Equine macrophages from the mammary glands of a yearling filly and an 18-year-old barren nonlactatind mare formed cell monolayers in continuous cultures. There was absence of viral cytopathic effect (CPE) in early cell culture passages. The cells from the early cell culture passages having no CPE failed to show evidence of virus or viral antigen by electron microscopic and immunofluorescence studies. Foci of CPE first appeared in the monolayer cell cultures from the filly and the mare in the 3rd and the 4th serial passages respectively, and the CPE increased on subsequent serial passages. Equi...
Contagious equine metritis: clinical description of experimentally induced infection. Contagious equine metritis was reproduced experimentally in 6 pony mares. The disease was characterized by rapidly developing cervicitis and by varying amounts of exudate. The exudate, apparent as early as 48 hours after inoculation, drained from the cervix as a tenacious, mucopurulent discharge for several days, then rapidly disappeared. In all mares, the clinical disease cleared within several weeks of inoculation, without treatment.
