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Topic:Disease Diagnosis
Disease diagnosis in horses involves the identification and characterization of illnesses through various diagnostic methods and tools. This process is essential for effective veterinary care and management of equine health. Techniques used in diagnosing diseases in horses include clinical examinations, laboratory tests, imaging modalities such as ultrasonography and radiography, and molecular diagnostics. Blood tests are frequently utilized to assess parameters such as complete blood count and biochemical profiles, which can indicate underlying health issues. Additionally, advancements in genetic testing and biomarker identification have enhanced the ability to detect specific diseases early. This page aggregates peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore diagnostic methodologies, their applications, and their impact on equine health management.
Sixteen fractures of the shoulder region in the horse. The clinical and radiological features of fractures of the shoulder region in 16 horses are described. High quality radiographic views were essential for an accurate diagnosis. This sometimes necessitated general anaesthesia. The limitations of radiography are discussed. Nine horses had articular fractures of the supraglenoid tuberosity and eight of these were destroyed because of persistent lameness. The possibility of surgical removal of the fracture fragment(s) is discussed and the importance of early diagnosis emphasised. Seven other fractures of the shoulder region are described. The clin...
Antifungal sensitivity testing for equine keratomycosis. We evaluated 31 fungal specimens obtained from equine corneas over a 10-year period, 1973 to 1983. More than half were received in late summer and early autumn, and the number tended to increase in frequency during the 1980s. These isolates included 13 different genera and 20 different species. The prevalent genus was Aspergillus (35%). On the basis of examinations for tube-dilution minimal inhibitory concentrations and minimal fungicidal concentrations of 16 fungal isolates, the imidazole antibiotics such as miconazole and ketoconazole consistently showed the lowest geometric mean titers for ...
Evaluation of the wick catheter as used to measure intracompartmental muscle pressure in equine muscle. The use of the wick catheter to measure intracompartmental muscle pressure in equine muscle was documented. The presence of muscle compartments involving the extensor carpi radialis muscle and the long head of the triceps brachii was demonstrated by anatomic dissection and radiographic technique. The wick catheter was capable of accurately measuring pressures within both of these compartments. Furthermore, the wick catheter was sensitive to pressure changes resulting from external compression of muscle compartments. Manipulation of systemic blood pressure and PaCO2 in 1 anesthetized horse did ...
Direct current stimulation of bone production in the horse: preliminary study with a “gap healing” model. The effect of a 20-microA direct-current implantable bone growth stimulator (BGS) on bone production with a "gap healing" model in the horse was evaluated. The right and left 4th metatarsal bones (Mt-4) were used in 7 adult horses to create the "gap healing" model. A 4-mm section of the Mt-4 bone was resected bilaterally in each horse. The BGS was surgically placed into the 7 left Mt-4 defects. The 7 right Mt-4 defects served as controls. Six horses survived the 16-week experimental period. Signs of pain, decreased range of limb motion, or lameness was not observed in any animal during the 16 ...
Capacitively coupled electrical stimulation of bone healing in the horse: in vivo study with a Salter type IV osteotomy model with stainless steel surface electrodes. The use of capacitively coupled low-voltage signals for stimulation of osteogenesis has been reported in a variety of animal models. Electrically induced osteogenesis was investigated with a capacitively coupled electric field on a radius (distal-lateral orientation) osteotomy model, in conjunction with internal fixation and postoperative loading. Twelve adult horses of either sex were allotted to 2 groups of 6; 1 group was given electrical stimulation and the other served as controls. A low-voltage high-frequency capacitively coupled electrical signal was locally and continuously applied to t...
Amino acid sequences of haemagglutinins of influenza viruses of the H3 subtype isolated from horses. The amino acid sequence of the haemagglutinin of A/equine/Miami/63 (H3N8), the prototype influenza virus of the H3 subtype from horses, is deduced from the nucleotide sequence of virus RNA and compared with the sequences of haemagglutinins of viruses of this subtype isolated from humans [X-31 (H3N2)] and from birds [A/duck/Ukraine/63 (H3N8)] and with the sequence of the haemagglutinin of A/equine/Fontainebleau/79 (H3N8) a virus isolated from a recent outbreak of equine influenza. The amino acid sequence differences detected are discussed with reference to the structure of the molecules, their ...
Comparison of rectal mucosal cultures and fecal cultures in detecting Salmonella infection in horses and cattle. Bacteriologic cultures of 65 rectal mucosal samples and 335 fecal samples from 53 horses and 5 cattle shedding Salmonella were performed. Salmonella spp were isolated from 34 (52%) rectal mucosal samples, 21 (32%) concurrent fecal samples, and 150 (45%) total fecal samples. The use of rectal mucosal samples when compared with concurrently obtained fecal samples significantly (P less than 0.025) improved the ability to isolate Salmonella spp. Concurrent bacteriologic culture of rectal mucosal samples and fecal samples resulted in 39 (60%) isolations. Compared with a series of fecal samples, Sal...
Variant specific opsonization of Trypanosoma evansi measured by luminol-dependent chemiluminescence. Using luminol-dependent chemiluminescence (LCL), the specificity of antibodies to variable antigen type (VAT)-populations of Trypanosoma evansi was studied in four infected ponies. Trypanosomes of each wave of parasitemia were isolated and multiplied in irradiated mice. Their opsonization by serum collected during the infection was investigated with LCL and results for isolated VAT-populations are shown in the paper. Antibodies specific to each VAT-population were first found three days after the maximum of a parasitemic wave. There was no cross reactivity between different VAT-populations. LC...
Measurement of IgG in equine blood by immunoturbidimetry and latex agglutination. This paper describes the quantitative measurement of IgG concentrations in equine blood/serum by turbidimetric analysis and the qualitative assessment using latex agglutination. The concentration of IgG in foal serum measured by turbidimetry correlated well with the results obtained by radial immunodiffusion (r = 0.91) and the gamma-globulins estimated from the electrophoresis of serum on cellulose acetate (r = 0.92). The method, using antibody-coated latex beads, to detect foals with serum IgG concentrations of less than 4 g/litre (whole blood less than 2 g/litre) proved to be accurate in 96 ...
Inhibition of lipases by proteins. A kinetic study with dicaprin monolayers. We report further investigations on protein inhibition of pancreatic and microbial lipases carried out with the monolayer technique. When beta-lactoglobulin A, melittin, serum albumin, myoglobin, and a protein inhibiting lipase from soybean were preincubated with a dicaprin film at a surface pressure of 35 dynes/cm, no activity was detected with horse pancreatic or Rhizopus delemar lipases. By contrast, Rhizopus arrhizus and Geotrichum candidum lipase activities were not impaired under the same conditions. Experiments using mixed lipid-protein film transfer clearly show that the inhibition of ...
Chronic intestinal intussusception in two horses. In 2 cases of chronic intestinal intussusception in horses, one involved jejunum and the other, ileum. The only clinical signs observed were intermittent colic. Surgery was performed on both horses, with successful outcomes.
Inclusions in equine cytologic specimens. Inclusions and cellular changes were seen in cytologic specimens from 1 healthy horse, 6 horses hospitalized because of respiratory problems, and 1 horse hospitalized because of colic and hepatitis. Two bronchial aspirates contained detached ciliated cytoplasmic tufts and cytoplasmic inclusions characteristic of the specific degenerative process called ciliocytophthoria. These changes and inclusions resembled those seen in bronchial aspirates from human beings with parainfluenza virus infection. Four bronchial aspirates and 2 serous fluid specimens had nuclear inclusions resembling those seen ...
Psychogenic colic in a horse. A 4-year-old mixed-breed gelding was presented with colic-type behavior of 5 days' duration that included pawing, looking at the flank area, and kicking and biting at the abdomen and flank when it was eating hay or grain. Medical evaluation did not reveal the cause of the "colic." During its stay in the hospital, the horse improved as regarded the colic-type behavior while eating, but resumed this behavior when it was able to see hay that it was not allowed to eat. It was determined that the persistent colic-type behavior developed as a result of the horse having been repeatedly displaced from...
California serogroup virus infection in a horse with encephalitis. A 4-fold or greater seroconversion to the snowshoe hare serotype of the California serogroup of viruses in a horse with acute encephalitis was demonstrated by hemagglutination-inhibition, complement-fixation, and neutralization tests. The horse had a mild fever, was ataxic, had a head tilt, and was observed to circle. Chloramphenicol, dexamethasone, and B complex vitamins were administered and the horse recovered. The snowshoe hare virus is a recognized human pathogen, but it has not been associated with disease in horses. It is unknown whether horses play a role as amplification hosts for the...
Infectious disease incidence among horses in France, Ireland and the United Kingdom during 1984. An outbreak of equine viral arteritis in the American state of Kentucky led to a temporary ban being imposed by France, Ireland and the UK on the importation of horses from the USA during 1984. Sporadic cases of influenza caused by the type 2 strain of the virus were confirmed in France throughout the year and cases of strangles in thoroughbred mares and foals were reported from all three countries. No cases of contagious equine metritis were confirmed among the thoroughbred breeding population, although a number of outbreaks of the abortion form of rhinopneumonitis occurred. A small number of...
Paraphimosis in seven debilitated horses. This paper reports seven cases of penile paraphimosis which occurred in both entire and castrated horses in association with general debility. Two cases were discharged after treatment while still suffering from partial paralysis; one was discharged at the owner's request with complete paralysis; three were destroyed and one died during treatment. Identified causes of debility were malnutrition, severe parasitism, glucose malabsorption and salmonellosis.
The value of spectrofluorometry for the diagnosis of contagious equine metritis. No abstract available
Tracheal compression secondary to abscessation of cranial mediastinal lymph nodes in a horse. Respiratory distress and laryngeal paralysis were found to be caused by a Streptococcus equi abscess of cranial mediastinal lymph nodes, putting pressure on the trachea at the thoracic inlet. Surgical drainage was required to relieve the compression, and long-term antibiotic therapy was used to treat the bacterial infection. The trachea returned to normal diameter but left laryngeal hemiplegia persisted. Peritracheal abscesses should be considered in the differential diagnosis of inspiratory dyspnea of the horse.
Second-degree atrioventricular block observed in a Thoroughbred foal on 2.5 months of age. Electrocardiographic observation in 10 Thoroughbred horses has been carried out from fetal stages to 12 months after birth. In this observation a filly out of 10 foals at a resting state showed second-degree atrioventricular {A-V) block with sinus arrhythmia after 2.5 months of age. The number of dropped beats and the irregularity of sinus arrhythmia in these blocks were affected by the atrial rate, and several variations of Wenckebach phenomenon were shown under the influence of the artial rate. Electrocardiographic characteristics of second-degree A-V block in the present filly might be simi...
Assignment of foal paternity when a mare is bred to two stallions. Accuracy of assigning foal paternity to the second serving stallion for foals whose dams had been bred to two stallions within an interval of 1 to 45 days was investigated using breeding dates from 108 equine paternity cases solved by blood typing. One hundred two of the foals were sired by the second stallion but six foals (5.5%) were excluded as being by the second sires. Thus, breeding dates are not reliable as a sole source of information to assign equine paternity accurately.
Equine congenital defects. In a 13-year survey of equine congenital defects that resulted in death or required euthanasia in central Kentucky, necropsies were performed on 608 deformed fetuses or newborn foals. The following congenital anomalies were observed: contracted foal syndrome (33.2%), miscellaneous limb contraction (20%), multiple defects (5.3%), microphthalmia (4.6%), craniofacial malformations (4.3%), cleft palate (4.0%), heart defects (3.5%), umbilical defects (3.5%), and hydrocephalus (3.0%). Eleven less frequently occurring anomalies constituted the balance of the congenital defects in fetuses and newborn ...
