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Topic:Disease Etiology
Disease etiology in horses refers to the study of the causes and development of diseases within equine populations. It encompasses various factors, including genetic predisposition, environmental influences, infectious agents, and nutritional imbalances, that contribute to the onset and progression of diseases in horses. Understanding disease etiology is essential for identifying risk factors and implementing preventative measures in equine health management. This topic includes research on pathogen-host interactions, the impact of management practices on disease incidence, and the role of genetic and environmental factors in disease susceptibility. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the mechanisms, contributing factors, and implications of disease etiology in horses.
Guttural pouch hemorrhage associated with lesions of the maxillary artery in two horses. A two year old Thoroughbred gelding, presented with guttural pouch hemorrhage, had the internal and external carotid arteries ligated. Guttural pouch mycosis was detected on endoscopic examination. After one month of topical antifungal therapy, the horse was returned and euthanized because of recurrent epistaxis. A bacterial infection of the guttural pouch with associated ulceration and hemorrhage from the maxillary artery was found at necropsy.A two year old grade gelding had ulceration and hemorrhage from the external carotid artery. Utilizing balloon-tipped catheters and arterial ligation, ...
Vitamin K3-induced renal toxicosis in the horse. Renal toxicosis attributable to vitamin K3 (menadione sodium bisulfite) was suspected in 5 young adult horses in which acute renal failure developed following parenteral administration of vitamin K3 at the manufacturers' recommended dosages. Renal disease was subsequently induced experimentally in 5 of 6 horses by administration of vitamin K3 at manufacturers' recommended dosages. Signs of renal disease in the clinical patients as well as in the horses treated experimentally included renal colic, hematuria, azotemia, and electrolyte abnormalities consistent with acute renal failure. Two clinic...
Perilla ketone toxicity: a chemical model for the study of equine restrictive lung disease. Perilla ketone was assessed for its usefulness as a model of equine restrictive pulmonary disease. Three ponies were given 18 mg/kg bodyweight synthetic perilla ketone in dimethyl-sulphoxide. Within 24 h of administration, respiratory rate, peak inspiratory and expiratory flow rates and minute volume were increased. By 48 h there was a significant decrease in tidal volume, and blood pH and base excess were also decreased but not outside normal limits. At necropsy there was congestion and oedema of the lungs. Histologically there was diffuse alveolar injury but no evidence of significant obstru...
Cauda equina neuritis: a chronic idiopathic polyneuritis in two horses. Two cases of cauda equina neuritis are compared and contrasted. Neurological deficits of the tail and perineum were noted and functional deficits were seen in gait, urination, defecation and cranial nerve function. Lesions consisted of nonsuppurative inflammation of the nerve trunks and proliferation of the perineurium of the cauda equina. Cranial nerve involvement in one case supported a diagnosis of polyneuritis equi rather than cauda equina neuritis. The possible etiologies and pathogenesis of this disease are discussed.
Tissue-cage model for the collection of inflammatory exudate in ponies. In a series of experiments to examine equine inflammatory exudates for the presence of metabolites of arachidonic acid, including prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a model for the induction and collection of exudates in ponies has been developed. Multiperforated polypropylene practice golf balls implanted subcutaneously in the mid-neck region were well tolerated and proved to be the most successful model. One such cage was implanted in the neck of each of seven ponies. Inflammatory exudates were induced by injecting 3.0 or 0.5 ml carrageenin into the cages and aspirates collected between three and 48 h...
Arterial oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions in conscious laterally recumbent ponies. Six adult ponies were trained calmly to assume and maintain left lateral recumbency without the use of sedative or immobilising agents. During a 30 min recumbent period, pHa, arterial oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions (PaO2 and PaCO2) and heart and respiratory rates were monitored at regular intervals to evaluate ventilatory response. Overall, there were no statistically significant differences found between mean control and recumbent or final standing values. When lightweight ponies were compared to heavyweight ponies, only mean PaO2 at 10 mins recumbency was different. This information supp...
The comparative pathology of equine cutaneous phycomycosis. Pythiosis (204 cases, 77%), basidiobolomycosis (48 cases, 18%), and conidiobolomycosis (14 cases, 5%) were diagnosed morphologically from 266 horses with phycomycosis. All lesions were cutaneous ulcerative granulomas and three horses with pythiosis had metastatic lesions in regional lymph nodes. Lesions of pythiosis contained characteristic yellow, coral-like coagula and had a fibrotic surface containing sinus tract openings. Basidiobolomycosis was characterized by infrequent small yellow coagula and a yellow line of fungal invasion beneath an edematous surface. Lesions of conidiobolomycosis h...
Prevalence of Anoplocephala perfoliata and lesions of Draschia megastoma in Thoroughbreds in Kentucky at necropsy. A total of 396 Thoroughbreds (86 males, 293 females, and 17 geldings) in Kentucky, 1 to 30 years of age, were examined at necropsy for presence of Anoplocephala perfoliata (2 female horses were not examined) in the cecum for lesions of Draschia megastoma in the stomach, during the 1-year period of Mar 1, 1982 through Feb 28, 1983. Prevalence of A perfoliata was 53% and of lesions of D megastoma was 63%. All lesions of D megastoma were partially or entirely in the glandular region of the stomach. Distances of the midpoint of these lesions from the margo plicatus varied from 0 to 290 mm. The cen...
Pathology of equine granulomatous enteritis. A morphological study on equine granulomatous enteritis (EGE) in 13 horses is presented. All horses were young (1 to 5 years old) standardbreds. Based on gross pathology, cases were classified into those with diffuse (11 cases) and those with localized (2 cases) small bowel lesions. The granulomatous reaction in the gut was marked by diffuse and patchy infiltrates and distinct granulomas, composed of epithelioid cells, macrophages and lymphoid cells, and was devoid of necrosis. Salient accompanying features of the small bowel included lymphoid hyperplasia, peri-lymphatic and transmural inflamm...
Study of an outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Venezuela. The role of domestic animals. During an outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis in a locality (Las Rosas, Cojedes State, Venezuela) previously non-endemic, 12.9% of humans, 7% of dogs and 21.4% of donkeys (Equus asinus) had lesions with parasites. The agent in the three hosts was identified as Leishmania braziliensis, subspecies braziliensis at least in man and donkey. The probable vector was Lutzomyia panamensis. No infection was found in a small sample of wild mammals examined. The outbreak was apparently linked with the importation of donkeys with ulcers, from endemic areas. The authors call attention to the fact that not o...
Splenic lymphosarcoma in a horse. A 10-year-old Tennessee Walker gelding, with a history of progressive weight loss, intermittent colic and lethargy, had a slight fever, tachycardia, tachypnea, pallor, ascites and marked ventral edema. Blood analyses revealed anemia, leukocytosis, neutrophilia with a left shift, lymphopenia, monocytosis, hypoproteinemia and a slightly increased SDH level. Abdominocentesis produced red-orange fluid with many RBC and an increased fibrinogen content. Rectal palpation revealed a large mass in the left caudal abdominal quadrant. The animal died shortly after resection of the mass. The histopatholog...
[Meconium constipation in foals]. Meconium constipation is observed in a number of foals during every foaling period. The literature on the clinical picture, methods of treatment and complications, is reviewed in the present paper. In addition, the cases of seventy-five foals are reviewed, in which meconium constipation was suspected and which were submitted to the Internal Disease Department of Large Animals during the period from 1972 to 1982. The clinical picture was found to be due to another disorder in nine cases. Treatment with castor oil and alcohol resulted in discharge of the meconium in fifty-eight cases. Complicati...
Preferential landing and engorging sites of Culicoides species landing on a horse in Ireland. An investigation of the landing and engorging sites of midges on a bait horse was made in Ireland as part of a project examining the aetiology of sweet itch. Ten species were recovered, seven of which engorged. Culicoides obsoletus and C dewulfi were the most commonly represented, accounting for 89.9 per cent of midges landing and 90.5 per cent of midges engorging. Only 4.69 per cent of midges attracted to the bait were C pulicaris. Overall, the preferential landing sites for midges were along the mane and lower leg regions. Few culicoides were attracted to the head, front and underside of the...
