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Topic:Disease Treatment
Disease treatment in horses encompasses a range of medical interventions and management strategies aimed at addressing various health conditions affecting equine species. These treatments can include pharmacological approaches, such as the administration of antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, and antiparasitic medications, as well as non-pharmacological methods like physical therapy, dietary adjustments, and surgical procedures. The selection of appropriate treatments depends on the specific disease, its severity, and the individual needs of the horse. This topic brings together peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the efficacy, safety, and advancements in therapeutic options for equine diseases, providing insights into best practices and emerging trends in equine veterinary medicine.
Evaluations of buparvaquone as a treatment for equine babesiosis (Babesia equi). We evaluated the efficacy of buparvaquone in eliminating Babesia equi of European origin in carrier horses and in experimentally infected splenectomized ponies. When administered at the rate of 2.5 mg/kg of body weight, IM, 4 times at 96-hour intervals, buparvaquone was effective in eliminating B equi carrier infection in 1 horse. Such results could not be repeated at the same dosage or at 3.5 or 5 mg/kg, IM. Buparvaquone given at the rate of 4 to 6 mg/kg IV and/or IM was therapeutically effective in 4 of 5 acute B equi infections in splenectomized ponies. The treated ponies became carriers.
Reproductive traits, lactation and foal growth in mares fed altrenogest. Lactating mares were assigned as controls or fed altrenogest (.044 mg.kg body wt-1.d-1) for 15 d after foaling. Mares (n = 6) fed altrenogest were inseminated during the first estrus after treatment and mares (n = 6) in the control group were inseminated during the second postpartum estrus. Ovulation during the estrus in which mares were inseminated occurred 26 +/- 1 d postpartum for treated mares and 36 +/- 1 d postpartum for control mares. The percentage of mares conceiving was not different for control (67%) and alternogest-treated (100%) mares. No differences were observed in tone and size...
(+)-[3H]-PN 200-110 binding to cell membranes and intact strips of portal vein smooth muscle: characterization and modulation by membrane potential and divalent cations. 1. Specific binding of the calcium-antagonist dihydropyridine derivative, (+)-[3H]-PN 200-110 (isradipine), to cell membranes of equine portal vein smooth muscle was compared with binding to intact strips isolated from rat portal veins. 2. Specific binding to vascular smooth muscle membranes was of high affinity, saturable and reversible. The dissociation constant obtained from association and dissociation kinetics of (+)-[3H]-PN 200-110 was similar to that obtained from equilibrium binding and competition experiments. 3. Specific binding of (+)-[3H]-PN 200-110 was completely displaced by unla...
Osteomyelitis of the calcaneus in horses: 28 cases (1972-1987). Medical records of 28 horses with osteomyelitis of the calcaneus were reviewed to evaluate signalment, history, diagnostic and treatment methods, outcome, and long-term follow-up information. Trauma was the most commonly reported cause (24). Physical examination revealed lameness in 27 horses, and 22 (79%) had a wound or draining tract over the plantar aspect of the calcaneus. Radiography of all horses was done prior to the initiation of treatment, and follow-up radiography was done on 20 horses. The most common radiographic findings were soft tissue swelling (25), bony lysis of the calcaneus ...
Description of an epizootic and persistence of Streptococcus equi infections in horses. The age-specific attack rates of Streptococcus equi infections of the upper respiratory tract and lymph nodes (strangles) in horses for the different age groups were 17.6% for broodmares, 47.5% for 1-year-old horses, and 37.5% for foals. Streptococcus equi was isolated from nasal, pharyngeal, or lymph node specimens in 31 (60.8%) of 51 sick horses. A male 1-year-old horse, shipped from Kentucky to farm A, was considered to be the index case. Six (19.4%) of 31 horses with strangles remained as shedders of S equi after clinical signs of the disease had ended. Shedders of S equi were not identifi...
Removal of a retropharyngeal foreign body in a horse, with the aid of ultrasonography during surgery. Diagnostic ultrasonography was used during surgery to assist in the removal of a piece of wire from the retropharyngeal region. A 3-year-old Quarter Horse mare was referred with dysphagia of 2 days' duration. Radiography revealed a 9-cm piece of wire located caudodorsal to the larynx. A ventral surgical approach was performed, dissecting along the right side of the larynx and trachea. The surgical field was filled with 0.85% sterile physiologic saline solution. A 5 MHz-mm sector scanner probe immersed in the fluid was able to locate the wire and facilitate the direction and depth of dissection...
Rectal tears in the horse: an analysis of 35 cases. The records of 35 horses with Grade 3 or 4 rectal tears, presented to the Veterinary Medical Center at Texas A & M University over a five year period, were reviewed. Grade 3 tears were sub-classified according to whether the remaining tissue was serosa (Grade 3a) or mesorectum (Grade 3b). Five horses were destroyed on presentation and 30 were treated by primary suture closure (8 horses), faecal diversion alone (9 horses) or in combination with suture closure (11 horses) and packing of the tear with medicated gauze sponges (two horses). Faecal diversion was achieved with a temporary indwell...
An unusual cause of increasing airway pressure during anesthesia. A mare with a thoracic laceration was anesthetized with halothane-O2 for surgical repair. Shortly after initiation of controlled ventilation, inspiratory plateau pressure began to increase. The increase in pressure continued despite decreasing the tidal volume. Tension pneumothorax was suspected, but because arterial PCO2 and PO2 were normal, the anesthetic apparatus was examined. Excess gas continued to exit through the bellows pop-off valve even when the fresh gas flow was turned off. It was determined that driving gas from the ventilator was entering the breathing circuit through a hole in ...
[The “weaving” of horses]. Studies were made on 27 horses which were known to weave. They were stallions, mares and geldings between the ages of 3 and 22 years. The horses were individually observed for several days in their habitual surroundings. A period, in which a horse makes pauses of not more than ten minutes, is considered a weaving phase. Shorter pauses subdivide the weaving phase into weaving series. The basic unit of weaving is the weaving displacement, i.e. the head movement between the turning points. The number of daily weaving displacements of the horses examined varied from less than 400 up to almost 18,0...
A preliminary investigation of the effect of selected electromagnetic field devices on healing of cannon bone osteotomies in horses. The effect of electrical stimulation by means of selected electromagnetic field devices on healing of cannon bone osteotomies in horses was examined. The defects were created as 3 cm x 1 mm longitudinal osteotomies through the dorsal cortices of the mid-metacarpi/metatarsi of adult horses. This type of defect would asses bone healing in a situation similar to an acute, stable fracture of the cortex. Three electromagnetic devices of different design were tested in three different groups of horses. Healing was evaluated radiographically and histologically. Results showed that osteotomies treated...
The preparation and biochemical characterization of intact capsids of equine infectious anemia virus. Capsids of equine infectious anemia virus have been isolated as cone-shaped particles 60 x 120 nm in size. Detergent treatment of whole virus followed by two cycles of rate-zonal centrifugation in Ficoll produces these capsids in a yield of approximately 10%. The major protein components are the gag-encoded p11 nucleocapsid protein and p26 capsid protein, which are present in equimolar amounts. Substantial cleavage of p11 to p6 and p4 can be observed under conditions where the viral protease packaged in the capsid is enzymatically active.
Fragments of nasogastric tubes as esophageal foreign bodies in two horses. Two horses were referred with fragments of nasogastric tubes as esophageal foreign bodies. Radiography and endoscopy were used to identify the location of the fragments. Portions of the tubes were retrieved by esophagotomy in 1 horse and by manual examination of the oral cavity in the other. Both tubes were friable in focal areas, but were quite pliable over most of the length of the tube.
Synovial hernia as a possible complication of arthroscopic surgery in a horse. A 3-year-old Standardbred gelding was referred for evaluation of a fluctuant swelling that developed over the dorsum of the carpus subsequent to arthroscopic surgery on that carpus. A synovial hernia was diagnosed and surgically repaired. Although complications secondary to arthroscopy are rare, synovial herniation can develop after arthroscopic surgery. The condition must be differentiated from the more common true bursitis or false bursitis that is commonly referred to as a hygroma.
Bilateral eyelid swelling attributable to lymphosarcoma in a horse. Bilateral swelling of upper and lower eyelids was caused by lymphocytic infiltration in an 8-year-old Thoroughbred mare. The condition worsened with pregnancy and became associated with subcutaneous dissemination of lymphosarcoma at distant sites.
Congenital malignant melanoma in two foals. Two cases of congenital malignant melanomas in horses are described in this report. In each case, wide surgical excision of the mass was performed; no recurrence or metastasis was detected after a minimum of 15 months' follow-up. Melanomas are among the most common neoplasms of horses, but they typically develop in gray horses greater than 6 years old.
Attempts to restore abduction of the paralyzed equine arytenoid cartilage. III. Nerve anastomosis. The purpose of this project was to attempt restoration of abduction of a recently denervated left dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle in the horse by anastomosing the first cervical nerve to the abductor branch of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve. Ten horses were used in the study. In six horses the left recurrent laryngeal nerve was transected and ligated while the ventral branch of the left first cervical nerve was anastomosed to the abductor branch of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve. The remaining four horses also had the left recurrent laryngeal nerve transected and ligated but had no nerve ...
Electroacupuncture in the treatment of chronic lameness in horses and ponies: a controlled clinical trial. Electroacupuncture was used to treat lameness in horses and ponies with chronic laminitis (n = 10) or navicular disease (n = 10). A clinical trial was conducted with random allocation of equal numbers of animals to control and treatment groups. Acupuncture was performed three times per week for four consecutive weeks. The degree of lameness was assessed by 1) a grading scheme, 2) measurement of stride lengths and 3) analysis of weight distribution using a force plate. Although seven out of ten animals with chronic laminitis improved clinically during the trial, there were no statistically sign...
Simple nonrebreathing valves for use with large mammals. Two simple nonrebreathing valves suitable for use with large mammals are described. These valves can be constructed in a reasonably well equipped workshop using materials that are readily available. The resistive pressure of both valves is less than 0.1 kPa at flow rates up to 15 L.s-1. Their main limitation is a relatively large dead space, although the dead space of valve B (290 mL) is less than the dead space of some commercially available valves. Healthy adult horses and cows compensate for the increased dead space by an increase in tidal volume.
The treatment of laminitis in horses. The structural and vascular anatomy of the healthy equine foot is compared with the pathologic changes in the foot of horses with acute and chronic laminitis. The structural and vascular abnormalities present in the foot of horses with laminitis are demonstrated in order to explain the abnormal manner in which their feet grow. The medical, surgical, dietary, and endocrine management of acute and chronic laminitis is discussed. Various forms of hoof trimming beneficial to the reestablishment of normal digital perfusion, normal hoof growth, and normal spatial orientation among the distal phalanx...
Management of lacerations and avulsion injuries of the foot and pastern region and hoof wall cracks. The causes, clinical signs and various approaches to treatment of injuries involving the foot and pastern regions are reviewed, and the prognosis for each type of injury is discussed.
Clinical anatomy of the equine foot. A review of investigations of the functional anatomy of the equine foot is presented. Emphasis is placed on the relationships of structures involved in the major diseases of the foot.
Penetrating wounds, abscesses, gravel, and bruising of the equine foot. Foot-associated lamenesses are common diagnostic challenges for the equine practitioner. This article reviews the commonly occurring penetrating and concussive solar injuries of the equine foot. Diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for the management of these conditions are suggested. With proper treatment, many of these serious injuries will show excellent results.
Antibody isotype responses in the serum and respiratory tract to primary and secondary infections with equine influenza virus (H3N8). Serum antibody (IgGab, IgM and IgA) responses to primary and secondary infection with influenza A/equine/Newmarket/79 (H3N8) by nebulised aerosol were compared with local (nasopharyngeal and tracheal) antibody responses in ponies. Circulating IgGab antibody was of long duration after primary infection, whereas IgM responses were short-lived after both primary and secondary infections. The antigenic stimulation of secondary infection with equine influenza was sufficient to induce elevations of serum IgM and IgA in the presence of high levels of circulating IgGab. These results support the poten...
Diagnosis and treatment of the navicular syndrome in horses. Navicular syndrome can be treated in a variety of ways. This is related to the fact that it has a variety of causes. Prognostically, most horses will improve with treatment. One can expect about 50 per cent of the horses to become useably sound for 1 year, no matter what treatment is used. The disease is progressive, and affected horses eventually will need to be retired because of lameness. The author's therapeutic approach is to utilize shoeing as the primary therapy. Shoeing is performed to correct structural problems and to ensure that shoeing is physiologically sound. Nonsteroidal anti-in...
Miscellaneous conditions of the equine foot. The etiology, clinical presentation, radiographic findings, diagnostic criteria, differential diagnoses, treatment, and prognosis are reviewed for several clinically important conditions of the equine foot. These include pedal osteitis, sheared heels, distal sesamoid bone (navicular) fractures, subchondral bone cyst of the distal phalanx, distal interphalangeal joint subluxation, congenital phalangeal hypoplasia, bipartite and tripartite distal sesamoid bones, keratoma, ossification of the cartilages of the distal phalanx (sidebones), necrosis of the cartilages of the distal phalanx (quittor),...
