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Topic:Disease Treatment
Disease treatment in horses encompasses a range of medical interventions and management strategies aimed at addressing various health conditions affecting equine species. These treatments can include pharmacological approaches, such as the administration of antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, and antiparasitic medications, as well as non-pharmacological methods like physical therapy, dietary adjustments, and surgical procedures. The selection of appropriate treatments depends on the specific disease, its severity, and the individual needs of the horse. This topic brings together peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the efficacy, safety, and advancements in therapeutic options for equine diseases, providing insights into best practices and emerging trends in equine veterinary medicine.
Compression bone plating of a medial condylar fracture of the third metatarsal bone in a Thoroughbred filly. A medial condylar fracture of the third metatarsal bone in a 2-year-old Thoroughbred filly was repaired successfully by use of compression bone plating. At discharge from the hospital, thickening of the metatarsus was evident, and proliferative changes were associated with the site of bone plate application. It was expected that these changes would limit the filly's use as a racehorse, and a return to training was not recommended. Especially in horses that may return to racing, use of compression bone plating initially should not replace stall rest or lag screw fixation treatment of this type ...
Observations on tracheal mucociliary clearance in horses. The rate of movement up the mucociliary escalator of Technetium99m tagged to macroaggregated albumin was measured in 7 normal horses and 8 with respiratory disease. The activity at 2 sites in the neck, separated by 12-15 cm, was measured using a hand held scintillation counter and rate meter. In normal horses the Technetium complex moved as a bolus up the neck with a mean rate of 1.58 cm/min. In the horses with respiratory disease the Technetium complex was less likely to move as a discrete bolus and in three horses it was not possible to measure the transport rate. The remainder had a mean tr...
Equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy: a vitamin E deficiency that may be familial. Two horse farms, on which there was a high incidence of proven and suspected equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy (EDM), were studied. Symmetric ataxia and paresis, along with laryngeal adductor, cervicofacial, local cervical, and cutaneous trunci hyporeflexia, characterized the syndrome. Serum vitamin E concentration reflected a deficient state in affected and unaffected horses on both farms when compared with selected reference groups and with published values. A high incidence of the disease was evident in offspring of two particular sires on one farm. Vitamin E supplementation resulted ...
Role of anaerobic bacteria in equine endometritis. This study, performed over 3 breeding seasons, surveyed anaerobic and aerobic bacterial isolates from 362 clitoral and endometrial swabs and uterine washes from 263 Thoroughbred maiden, foaling, foal heat and barren mares, and from 113 urethral, urethral fossa, preputial and pre-ejaculatory fluid swabs from 29 Thoroughbred stallions. The significance of isolates was determined by their association with acute endometritis, as determined by concurrent endometrial smear results and by consideration of age and reproductive status before and after the survey. The results suggest that the horse uter...
[New observations in the diagnosis of EHV (equine herpes virus) abortions]. Over the last years the percentage of foals lost by EHV at term or close to term seems to be higher than in former years. Furthermore, the pathological findings seem to shift from liver to lung. So far there has been no explanation for this phenomenon.
[Respiratory infectious diseases in horses]. Among all infectious diseases affecting horses, respiratory disease pose the greatest threat to horses kept in stables, horses used for breeding and race horses. Here a distinction should be made between the so-called monocausal infectious diseases (so-called Henle-Koch postulates) and multicausal infectious diseases which are the result of the synergistic interaction of different processes, that alone do not lead to disease. There is no clearcut distinction between the two groups. The most important monocausal respiratory infections of horses are caused by equine influenza virus (subtypes 1 a...
Equine basal cell tumors. Basal cell tumors from 11 horses were examined histologically. Distinct patterns identified in the order of frequency are adenoid (six), solid (three), and medusoid (two). A minor component of most of these neoplasms was a ribbon pattern and cystic spaces. Hyalinized connective tissue and clear cells reminiscent of hair follicle glassy membranes and outer root sheath were present in a solid and the medusoid tumors. Heavy melanin pigmentation was present in one solid basal cell tumor. In eight cases for which information was available, the tumors had not recurred 3 to 8 years after excision.
Evaluation and management of respiratory disease in the horse. Respiratory disease is one of the commonest medical reasons for referring a horse to the Royal Veterinary College, with coughing the main presenting sign. Investigation requires the taking of a detailed history, clinical examination, the use of appropriate diagnostic aids and noting response to medication and management changes. On arrival the horse is stabled in a minimal dust environment, remaining there until discharge. The use of a dust-free box frequently produces a favourable response without the use of medication which in itself is diagnostic. The problem of a horse which is asymptomati...
Myospherulosis in the subcutis of a pony. Myospherulosis was diagnosed in a mature pony. Several parent bodies containing many spherules were observed microscopically in biopsy material from an area of cellulitis. The spherules are altered red blood cells that form as the result of prolonged contact with necrotic fat or petrolatum-based ointments. These structures must be differentiated from fungal elements. The recommended treatment is surgical excision.
Contribution of whole blood L-lactate, pyruvate, D-lactate, acetoacetate, and 3-hydroxybutyrate concentrations to the plasma anion gap in horses with intestinal disorders. Increased anion gap (AG) was due, in part, to L-lactic acidosis in 14 of 14 horses with intestinal disorders. In a few horses, increased whole blood concentrations of D-lactate made a minor contribution to the AG. However, the increase in AG was often greater than the sum of the increases in these 2 acid anions. This unexplained increase was not a result of increases in whole blood pyruvate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, or acetoacetate concentrations or serum albumin or phosphate concentrations. Identification of other anions causing increased AG could lead to better understanding, diagnosis, and treatm...
[Diagnosis and therapy of air sac mycoses in the horse]. Mycosis of the guttural pouches is a sporadic disease characterized by diphtheroid-necrotizing inflammation, and is caused by different fungal species, mainly by Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp. and Candida spp. Highest incidence is during summer in stable horses. Proper diagnosis often requires--besides detection by mycological techniques--histological examination of tissue obtained by bioptic endoscopy. Prognosis is hopeless in late stages of the infection because of the erosion of the carotid artery or accompanied by the fatal complications of a not reparable cranial nerve damage also in ...
Effects of cromolyn in horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The effect of disodium cromoglycate (cromolyn) in preventing the pulmonary dysfunction caused by the inhalation of barn and hay dust was studied in 5 horses with confirmed chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The horses were studied before (Con) and after exposure to hay and dust allergens (Expos) and after pretreatment with cromolyn followed by exposure (Cr-Expos). There was a significant reduction in PaO2 from 86.8 +/- 8.3 to 73.1 +/- 8.8 when the horses were exposed to hay and dust allergens. The PaO2 after pretreatment with cromolyn and exposures was 78.1 +/- 5.5. There were no si...
Observations on the epidemiology and control of Strongylus vulgaris infections. The epidemiology and control of helminth infections in the horse were studied in four small grazing experiments between 1981 and 1984 at the University of Utrecht. At autopsy in November or December negligible Strongylus vulgaris burdens were found in the cranial mesenteric artery of four groups of ponies, which had been treated with an anthelmintic in July and subsequently transferred to a clean pasture. Considerable arterial S. vulgaris burdens were seen in three groups of ponies which were treated with an anthelmintic in July without a move to clean pasture, and in another group of ponies i...
Idiopathic effusive pericarditis with tamponade in the horse. Pericarditis and pericardial effusion are considered to occur rarely in the horse. The clinical and laboratory features of idiopathic pericarditis with effusion diagnosed in 10 horses over a seven-year period were reviewed. Consistent physical findings included tachycardia, ventral oedema, jugular venous distention and diminished heart sounds. Electrocardiographic features included diminished voltages and electrical alternans, and the effusion was identified by echocardiography in the six horses in which it was performed. Pericardiocentesis relieved clinical signs in nine horses. Laboratory an...
[Hoof correction in foals]. The conformation of a foal's limbs is of interest beginning in the first days of life. The hoof also must not be neglected. Management and hoof care necessary for normal hoof development are discussed. In addition, pathological hoof shapes and their appropriate treatments are outlined.
Acetabular osteochondrosis dissecans in a foal. Osteochondrosis affecting the acetabula in horses is rarely reported. Osteochondrosis dissecans in foals only a few weeks old is also an uncommon finding. Lesions compatible with osteochondrosis dissecans in the acetabulum were found to be the cause of a chronic coxofemoral lameness in a 3-week-old Arabian filly. The history, physical examination findings, joint fluid analysis, gross pathologic and histopathologic findings are described.
[Antithrombin III determination in horses. Reference values and acquired antithrombin III deficiency]. Antithrombin III (AT III) determinations were done in healthy and sick horses using the chromogenic substrate Chromozym TH. Reference values for adult horses at 25 degrees C were 18-25 IU AT III per ml plasma and 84-118% AT III activity of normal horse plasma, respectively. Precision and accuracy were good (intra assay coefficient of variation less than 2%, accuracy 10%). Surgical operations on healthy horses led to a biphasic decrease in AT III activity touching the lower border of the reference values on the second postoperative day. Other reasons for acquired AT III deficiencies included di...
Apneic oxygenation in anesthetized ponies and horses. Apneic oxygenation was studied in six ponies for 30 minutes, and six horses for 10 minutes. Arterial blood was sampled at regular intervals for measurement of oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions (PaO2 and PaCO2) and calculation of alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference (PAO2-PaO2). In both groups of animals, PaO2 decreased rapidly during the first 3 minutes of apnea, then more slowly. Although the mean value was above 100 mmHg at 10 minutes, there was considerable inter-animal variability. Before apnea, PAO2-PaO2 was slightly, but not significantly, larger in horses than in ponies and incr...
Complement-mediated hemolysis of horse erythrocytes treated with equine infectious anemia virus. Horse erythrocytes treated with equine infectious anemia virus hemagglutinin were found to be lysed after incubation with fresh horse serum at 37 degrees C. Fresh guinea pig serum induced more efficient hemolysis than horse serum. Direct immunofluorescence test revealed the adsorption of complement factors on the surface of the erythrocytes. Calcium and magnesium ions were necessary for the hemolysis to take place. Antibody against equine infectious anemia virus enhanced the virus-induced complement-mediated hemolysis. These observations indicated that the classical pathway of complement activ...
Epizootic vesicular stomatitis in Colorado, 1982: epidemiologic studies along the northern Colorado front range. Epidemiologic evaluations were made of farm personnel on vesicular stomatitis-affected premises along the front range of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado during the 1982 epizootic. A similar antibody prevalence was noted to that of veterinarians and research and regulatory personnel who were involved with the same epizootic. Risk of infection resulted from intimate physical contact with infected horses or cows. Incidence and infection rates in horses were 45%; rates in cows were much lower, only 5%. Some epidemiologic clues were gained by a detailed study of an equine ranch. The pasture was inc...
[Establishment of a re-entrant ileo-cecal fistula in Equidae]. A re-entrant cannulation of the digestive tract was performed in Equidae (ponies and donkeys) between the distal extremity of the ileum and the base of the caecum. The operative technique was conceived to avoid risks of infection of the peritoneal cavity: the openings of the ileum and of the caecum were achieved only after the closure of the abdominal wall incision. Two donkeys were still alive ten months after the operation. This method can provide a convenient model for digestibility studies in Equidae, particularly for assessment of the pre-caecal digestibility.
