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Topic:Genetics
Genetics in horses encompasses the study of hereditary traits and the genetic makeup that influences various characteristics and health conditions in equine populations. This field involves the analysis of genes and their functions, inheritance patterns, and the impact of genetic variations on traits such as coat color, performance ability, and susceptibility to diseases. Research in equine genetics employs techniques such as genome mapping, sequencing, and genetic testing to identify specific genes and mutations associated with these traits. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the genetic basis of equine traits, the methodologies used in genetic research, and the implications for breeding, health management, and conservation of horse breeds.
Alterations in the equine herpesvirus 1 genome after in vitro and in vivo virus passage. The effect of in vitro and in vivo serial virus passage on the genetic stability of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) was investigated by restriction endonuclease analysis of the viral DNA. DNAs of EHV-1 isolates at different passage levels in cultured cells or in Syrian hamsters were compared by electrophoresis of the DNA cleavage fragments produced by restriction endonuclease digestion. No changes were observed in the restriction profile of the DNAs of EHV-1 strains after 100 sequential passages in cultured equine cells. However, serial passage of the virus in hamsters or in cells of non-equine o...
The genetic control of antibody formation. Studies of the molecular biology of lymphoid cells have markedly increased our understanding of how millions of different antibodies can be synthesized by a single animal. To date, the most detailed understanding has been achieved for the mouse, primarily because of the relatively greater experimental availability of this species. These studies, as well as those involving other species, have shown that the complete genes for antibody polypeptide chains are assembled from disparate genetic elements which are originally widely separated in the genome. The assembly process itself, together with t...
Uroperitoneum in the foal. The case records of 22 foals with uroperitoneum were reviewed. The most common cause was a defect in the urinary bladder. A sex predilection for males was apparent. Clinical signs were tachycardia, tachypnea, and abdominal distention. The history pertaining to micturition was variable. Hyponatremia, hypochloremia, and hyperkalemia were marked. A reliable means of diagnosis was considered to be the demonstration of a wide disparity in serum and peritoneal fluid creatinine values. Surgical repair was successful in 11 of 18 cases, although surgical and anesthetic complications were common. Some o...
Difference in sizes of human compared to murine alpha-subunits of the glycoprotein hormones arises by four-codon gene deletion or insertion. The sizes of the human and subhuman alpha-subunits of the glycoprotein hormones differ by four amino acids (hCG alpha, 92 amino acids; murine, equine, bovine, and ovine alpha, 96 amino acids). The shortening of the human alpha-subunit has been attributed to posttranslational proteolysis. We have recently determined the nucleotide sequences of the mRNAs encoding the precursors of the alpha-subunit of mouse TSH and rat gonadotropins using recombinant DNA techniques. In this report, we have compared these nucleotide sequences and their deduced amino acid sequences with those of the pre- alpha-sub...
Marker characteristics of Venezuelan encephalitis virus strains isolated before and after epidemics and equine epizootics in Middle America. Ninety-four strains of Venezuelan encephalitis (VE) virus isolated from sentinel hamsters exposed in the Middle American countries of Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, and Honduras were examined for the presence of virions with marker characteristics of strains that cause large epidemics and equine epizootics. Thirty-four strains came from before and 60 strains came from after the Middle American epidemics and equine epizootics of 1966 and 1969-1972. Twenty-three virion clones that resembled epizootic strains by hydroxylapatite chromatography and Vero monkey kidney cell plaque size determinations wer...
Further study of the chemical structure of the equine erythrocyte hematoside containing O-acetyl ester. The chemical structure of an equine hematoside, which contained an ester group and comprised 72% of the total erythrocyte gangliosides, was determined by means of nondestructive and destructive procedures. A 400-MHz nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of the ganglioside in perdeuterodimethyl sulfoxide demonstrated three protons due to a methyl group of an acetyl moiety, as well as amide and anomeric protons which were compatible with those of the ordinary hematoside. The spin decoupling difference spectroscopy of the ganglioside revealed the presence of the following structures. [formula: see ...
Intestinal alkaline phosphatase-like properties of horse kidney alkaline phosphatase. Two isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase from horse kidney were identified by cellulose acetate electrophoresis. Horse kidney alkaline phosphatase was similar to horse intestinal alkaline phosphatase, in regard to both antigenicity and response to levamisole inhibition, but different from horse liver alkaline phosphatase. This study suggests that horse kidney alkaline phosphatase is an expression of the intestinal gene locus and not the hepatic gene locus.
Population studies on the ELA system in American standardbred and thoroughbred mares. 336 Standardbred mares and 334 Thoroughbred mares in the vicinity of Lexington, Kentucky, were lymphocyte typed for 11 allelic antigenic specificities of the equine lymphocyte antigen (ELA) system. The Standardbred mares were divided into a population of pacers and a population of trotters. Substantial differences in ELA gene frequencies were found between the 3 groups. When the distribution of antigens within populations were compared to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium expectations, relatively good agreement was found.
Identification of the second alpha-2-antiprotease of equine serum as antithrombin III. The alpha-2-protease inhibitor, of 65,000 daltons molecular weight, described by several authors in horse plasma and also present as a contaminant in alpha-1-isoinhibitor isolates previously described by us (Pellegrini & von Fellenberg (1980) Biochim. biophys. Acta 616, 351-361) has now been isolated to purity and identified as antithrombin III. The inhibitor is composed of a single polypeptide chain as judged by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The inhibitor was effective only against trypsin and thrombin. Serological cross-reaction existed between the inhibitor and the antiserum t...
Variation in skin surface lipid composition among the Equidae. Skin surface lipids from Equus caballus, E. przewalskii, E. asinus, E. grevyi, E. hemionus onager and a mule (E. asinus/E. caballus) were analyzed in detail. In all species the surface lipid mixtures consisted of giant-ring lactones, cholesterol, cholesteryl esters and minor amounts of wax diesters. In E. caballus, the lactone hydroxyacids were entirely branched chained, while in E. asinus and E. grevyi they were almost exclusively straight chained. In E. przewalskii, the onager and the mule there were both straight and branched chain hydroxyacid lactones. These results are in harmony with pub...
Immunochemical demonstration of a new pregnancy protein in the mare. An antiserum against the serum of a pregnant mare was absorbed with stallion serum. This antiserum then gave two precipitates in crossed immunoelectrophoresis with serum from pregnant mares as the antigen. The two precipitates exhibited beta-1 and alpha-2 electrophoretic mobility. Identity was demonstrated between the alpha-2 mobile protein and PMSG. The absorbed antiserum inhibited the biological action of the PMSG preparation when tested in mouse ovarian weight assays. The beta-1 mobile protein was not detected in the serum from non-pregnant mares, stallions or geldings and was detected earl...
Comparison of the hydroxyacids from the epidermis and from the sebaceous glands of the horse. The acylglucosylceramides were isolated from the polar lipids of horse epidermis and examined to determine whether the component omega-hydroxyacids are straight chained as in the corresponding lipids from pig epidermis or branched as in horse sebum. The hydroxyacids from horse epidermis were found to be almost entirely straight chained compounds. The results indicate that sebaceous glands, although derived from epidermal cells, have evolved independent pathways of lipid metabolism.
Genetics of four plasma protein loci in Equus przewalskii: new alleles at the prealbumin, postalbumin and transferrin loci. This paper reports genetic variation at the prealbumin (Pr), postalbumin (Pa) and transferrin (Tf) loci in Equus przewalskii found using thin layer isoelectric focusing and an amphoteric separator. The method resolves all three loci plus serum esterase (Es) on a single gel, and typing of all four loci is readily achieved. In addition to the esterase alleles previously reported by Fisher & Scott (1979), five alleles were found at the Pr locus, three at the Pa locus and six at the Tf locus. Analysis of several mating types confirms inheritance is autosomal and codominant for all four loci.
Equine marker genes: polymorphism for plasminogen. Polymorphism for two autosomal alleles of equine plasminogen, PLG1 and PLG2, was demonstrated in plasma by isoelectric focusing and immunofixation, with a goat anti-human plasminogen antibody. The frequency of PLG2 was 0.16 in 150 Standardbreds, 0.20 in 96 Thoroughbreds, and 0.39 in 32 Shetland ponies. No evidence for linkage of PLG with any of 13 marker loci was found.
S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase activity in horses, Equus cabalus, with severe combined immunodeficiency. 1. Activities of S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy) hydrolase were measured in tissues of horses with severe combined immunodeficiency. No decrease in activity of the enzyme was detected.
2. The activity in erythrocytes was 14.2 ± 9.2 nmol AdoHcy formed/min/g hemoglobin and in fibroblasts it was 28.0 ± 7.9 nmol AdoHcy formed/min/108 cells.
3. Km values were obtained for hemolysates (0.77 μM) and for fibroblast lysates (0.59 μM).
4. Effects of 2′-deoxyadenosine on enzyme inactivation were studied.
Characterisation of the alpha 1-protease inhibitor system in Thoroughbred horse plasma by horizontal two-dimensional (ISO-DALT) electrophoresis. 1. Protein staining. The isoelectric points and the molecular weights of the major components of the eight Thoroughbred protease inhibitor (Pi) types have been determined by polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing and polyacrylamide gel pore gradient (ISO-DALT) electrophoresis respectively. The major Pi proteins focus in the range pH 3.74-4.43 and have molecular weights ranging from 55 000-72 000 daltons. Using the ISO-DALT method of electrophoresis, protein maps for the eight Thoroughbred Pi types have been presented for the first time. None of the homozygous Pi types are identical except for the types S1 and S2 ...
Genetic linkage between the loci for phosphohexose isomerase (PHI) and a serum protein (Xk) in horses. Genetic linkage between the equine loci for phosphohexose isomerase (PHI) and serum Xk protein was demonstrated by means of segregation data from three sire families. The recombination frequency was estimated from pooled data to be 0.23 +/- 0.02; a significant heterogeneity between sires for estimates of the recombination frequency was observed. No indication of linkage was detected between Xk and 14 other blood marker loci. Linkage between the Xk locus and the locus for soluble malic enzyme (ME1) has recently been reported in horses. An equine linkage group designated LG IV comprising the thr...
Reconstitution of primary, severe, combined immunodeficiency in man and horse. Severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) in foals is the only known animal model for the autosomal recessive form of primary SCID in man. A major requirement in the treatment of SCID is the maintenance of the patient in a disease free state until definitive therapy can be undertaken. This paper reviews the current status of prophylactic and definitive therapy in man and the horse. Particular emphasis is placed on the methods of reconstitution available, involving foetal tissues and bone marrow.
