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Topic:Inflammation
Inflammation is a biological response of the horse's body to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. It is a complex process that involves the activation of immune cells, the release of inflammatory mediators, and changes in blood flow. In horses, inflammation can manifest in various forms, affecting different tissues and organs, including the joints, respiratory system, and skin. The inflammatory response is an essential component of the horse's immune system, aiming to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury, clear out damaged cells and tissues, and establish tissue repair. This topic page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the mechanisms, effects, and management of inflammation in equine health.
A hematogenic pleuropneumonia caused by postoperative septic thrombophlebitis in a Thoroughbred gelding. A 7-year-old Thoroughbred gelding was admitted to Equine Hospital, Korea Racing Association for evaluation and treatment of colic. Based on the size and duration of the large colonic and cecal impaction, a routine ventral midline celiotomy and large colon enterotomy were performed to relieve the impaction. Six days following surgery the gelding exhibited signs of lethargy, fever, inappetence and diarrhea. Eleven days following surgery, the jugular veins showed a marked thrombophlebitis. On the sixteenth day of hospitalization the gelding died suddenly. Upon physical examination, the horse was ...
Effect of topical application of diclofenac liposomal suspension on experimentally induced subcutaneous inflammation in horses. To determine whether 1% diclofenac liposomal suspension (DLS) ointment would be absorbed transdermally and attenuate experimentally induced subcutaneous inflammation in horses. Methods: 7 healthy adult horses. Methods: Inflammation was produced by injecting 1% sterile carrageenan into subcutaneously implanted tissue cages 8 hours before (time -8) and at the time of application of test ointment. A crossover design was used. Horses received 1 of 2 treatments (topically administered control or DLS ointments) during 48 hours of carrageenan-induced subcutaneous inflammation. A single application of...
Assessment of leukotriene B4 production in leukocytes from horses with recurrent airway obstruction. To determine the ex vivo leukotriene (LT) biosynthesis in peripheral blood neutrophils (PBNs) and inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) obtained from horses affected with recurrent airway obstruction (RAO). Methods: 6 RAO-affected and 6 control horses. Methods: Before and 6, 24, and 48 hours after stabling, disease severity was determined subjectively by clinical and mucus scores and measurement of the maximal change in pleural pressure (deltaPpl(max)); PBNs were isolated and BALF samples were examined cytologically. The PBN and BALF cells were activated with a calcium iono...
Assessment of the effects of age and joint disease on hydroxyproline and glycosaminoglycan concentrations in synovial fluid from the metacarpophalangeal joint of horses. To assess the effects of age and joint disease on hydroxyproline and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) concentrations in synovial fluid from the metacarpophalangeal joint of horses and evaluate the association of those concentrations with severity of osteoarthritis and general matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity. Methods: Synovial fluid was collected from the metacarpophalangeal joints of foals at birth (n = 10), 5-month-old foals (10), 11-month-old foals (5), and adult horses (73). Methods: Hydroxyproline and GAG concentrations were determined in synovial fluid samples. The severity of osteoarthrit...
[Recurrent or chronic urticaria in thoroughbred race-horses: clinical observations]. Recurrent or chronic urticaria seems to be a food allergy in thoroughbred race-horses during the training season. In resistant cases, allergologic techniques will be required to determine aetiology. Intradermal skin tests with fresh allergenic food may cause syndromic reaction as urticaria and akin to enteritis in some horses. In most cases, an elimination of the allergen responsible brings a rapid and long-lasting result. Study about 22 cases.
Biochemical and functional assessment of equine lymphocyte phosphodiesterases and protein kinase C. Lymphocytes play an important role in allergic inflammation and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of equine allergic skin and respiratory disease. Targeting intracellular signalling pathways in human lymphocytes has demonstrated a role for both phosphodiesterase and protein kinase C in cell activation. The aim of this study was to measure total cyclic nucleotide hydrolysing phosphodiesterase activity and to identify the phosphodiesterase and protein kinase C isoenzymes present in equine lymphocytes. The functional significance of these isoenzymes was then investigated by examining their...
Effects of 3 biologic dressings on healing of cutaneous wounds on the limbs of horses. Three biologic dressings [split-thickness allogeneic skin (STS)], allogeneic peritoneum (P), and xenogenic porcine small intestinal submucosa (PSIS)] were studied to determine their effects on bacterial proliferation, inflammatory reaction, vascularization, and overall healing and to compare the effects of these dressings with the effects of a nonbiologic dressing, a nonadherent synthetic pad (NASP). A medial wound (3 cm in diameter) and 2 lateral wounds (2 cm in diameter) were created at the junction of the proximal and middle thirds of each metacarpus and metatarsus in 5 horses. Each medial ...
Current research and theories on the pathogenesis of acute laminitis in the horse. A large number of studies have been undertaken in recent years aimed at furthering our understanding of the complex mechanisms underlying the common and debilitating condition of acute laminitis in the horse. Many of these studies have either reinforced or cast doubt on previously held theories on the pathogenesis of this disease, while others have suggested new mechanisms which may play a key role in its development. This review seeks to put the current hypotheses into the context of this recent body of evidence. While a unifying theory may not yet seem to be achievable, this review demonstra...
Concentrations of gentamicin in serum and bronchial lavage fluid after once-daily aerosol administration to horses for seven days. To assess gentamicin concentrations in serum and bronchial lavage fluid (BLF) of horses during a 24-hour period after once-daily aerosol administration of gentamicin (GAER) for 7 days and the pattern and degree of bronchial tree inflammation associated with repeated GAER. Methods: 13 healthy adult horses (9 geldings and 4 mares). Methods: The treatment group comprised 8 horses, and 5 horses were untreated control animals. Gentamicin (20 mL of gentamicin [50 mg/mL]) was administered via aerosol once daily for 7 days. Samples of serum and BLF were obtained from all horses before GAER and 0.5, 4,...
Effects of insulin-like growth factor-II on the mitogenic and metabolic activities of equine articular cartilage with and without interleukin 1-beta. To investigate the effects of insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) on DNA and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) synthesis and the expression of matrix-related genes in equine articular cartilage explants and chondrocytes, respectively, with and without interleukin 1-beta (IL1-beta). Methods: Articular cartilage from 12 adult horses. Methods: Articular cartilage was incubated in standard media with and without equine IL1-beta (10 ng/mL) containing various concentrations of IGF-II for 72 hours. Synthesis of DNA and GAG was determined by incorporation of thymidine labeled with radioactive hydrogen (3H) a...
Effects of infusion of adenosine triphosphate-magnesium chloride on cardiopulmonary and clinicopathologic variables, cytokine activity, and endothelin concentration in horses administered a low dose of endotoxin. To evaluate systemic effects of i.v. infusion of ATP-MgCl2 subsequent to infusion of a low dose of endotoxin in horses. Methods: 12 adult horses. Methods: Horses were administered endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]) or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution i.v., during a 30-minute period. Immediately thereafter, horses in each group were infused i.v. with ATP-MgCl2 or saline solution. Two weeks later, horses were administered the opposite solution (LPS or saline solution), but it was followed by the same infusion as 2 weeks previously (ie, ATP-MgCl2 or saline solution). Cardiopulmonary and clinicopatho...
Intramuscular dosing strategy for ampicillin sodium in horses, based on its distribution into tissue chambers before and after induction of inflammation. The Pharmacokinetics (PK) and distribution into tissue chamber fluid (TCF) of intramuscularly (i.m.) administered ampicillin sodium were examined in horses in order to design adequate dosing strategies. Concentration-time curves of ampicillin in plasma and TCF were determined in six horses following administration of 15 mg/kg ampicillin sodium, before and after the induction of local inflammation with 0.5% carrageenan. The calculated parameters were used to simulate various dosage-dosing interval combinations. Ampicillin was absorbed very rapidly following i.m. administration. Plasma concentra...
Airway mucus in recurrent airway obstruction–short-term response to environmental challenge. Mucus accumulation and neutrophilic inflammation in the airways are hallmarks of heaves. Endoscopically visible mucus accumulations, however, have not been studied during exposure to dusty hay and allergens (ie, environmental challenge). We hypothesized that (1) heaves-affected horses have increased mucus accumulation compared with controls, (2) mucus accumulations increase in heaves-affected horses during environmental challenge, and (3) environmental challenge also induces neutrophilic inflammation and mucus accumulation in control horses. Mucus accumulation was graded endoscopically (mucus ...
Use of dapsone in the treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a foal. A 6-month-old male Quarter Horse was evaluated for chronic respiratory tract disease. Diagnostic investigations revealed pulmonary inflammation; Pneumocystis carinii was detected within macrophages. Lymphocyte subpopulation phenotyping and immunoglobulin concentration analysis were performed and results suggested immune suppression. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole administration was initiated; the colt was discharged but was reexamined 8 days later because of profuse diarrhea and endotoxemia. Bacterial culture of feces recovered Salmonella spp resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and a di...
Tissue-specific dysregulation of cortisol metabolism in equine laminitis. The role of glucocorticoids (GCs) in the pathogenesis of laminitis is incompletely understood. Local tissue activity of GC is regulated by the steroid converting enzyme, 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 (11beta-HSD-1). Changes in integumentary (skin and hoof lamellar) 11beta-HSD activity occurring during laminitis could affect the extent to which GCs are involved in its development. Objective: That changes in integumentary 11beta-HSD-1 activity associated with the laminitic condition would lead to elevated local tissue levels of GCs, which could subsequently contribute, through paracrine ...
Collagenase-1 (MMP-1) activity in equine synovial fluid: influence of age, joint pathology, exercise and repeated arthrocentesis. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are considered candidate biomarkers for both physiological and pathological tissue remodelling because of their key role in articular cartilage homeostasis. As disruption of the collagenous architecture is thought to be pivotal in chronic degenerative diseases such as osteoarthritis (OA), the collagenases form an interesting subset of the MMPs. The significance of any biomarker in synovial fluid (SF) can be assessed properly only when fluctuations in patterns induced by physiological processes such as development and growth, and by external influences and inter...
A dose titration of triamcinolone acetonide on insulin-like growth factor-1 and interleukin-1-conditioned equine cartilage explants. Previous in vitro pilot studies have defined a potentially beneficial effect of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and triamcinolone acetonide (TA) on interleukin-1 (IL-1)-conditioned equine cartilage. Furthermore, an optimal dose for IGF-1 treatment alone has been documented previously using the same test system as in the current project. Objective: To perform a dose titration of TA on IL-1-conditioned equine articular cartilage explants in the presence of an optimised IGF-1 dose, in order to optimise a triamcinolone concentration for use in combination with IGF-1 for future investigations....
Treatment and prevention of equine gastric ulcer syndrome. EGUS is a common problem in horses and foals. Acids are the important causative factors and current therapy targets the suppression of gastric HCl and creation of a permissive environment for ulcer healing. Diagnosis is based on history, clinical signs, gastroscopy, and response to treatment. Of the products available, only GastroGard (FDA approved) and ranitidine have been shown to be efficacious in the treatment of EGUS. Ranitidine is often associated with treatment failure as a result of incorrect dosing and lack of owner compliance, because of the three times daily dosing required. Also, E...
Treatment of acute and chronic gastrointestinal inflammation. Treating inflammation in the equine gastrointestinal tract remains a challenge. Our most potent anti-inflammatory drugs, COX inhibitors and glucocorticoids, have unwanted effects on the gastrointestinal tract and host defense that often limit their use. Newer strategies targeting specific cells and molecules that regulate a subset of the events occurring during inflammation are rapidly becoming available and should allow clinicians to reduce the detrimental effects of inflammation without inhibiting the beneficial aspects.
Treatment of gastrointestinal ischemic injury. Ischemic injury is one of the most important causes of mortality in equine veterinary medicine. Although treatment of reperfusion injury has been attempted in a number of experimental trials to reduce the level of injury subsequent to an ischemic episode, this research has not resulted in the development of useful clinical treatments. Nevertheless, recent studies assessing intraluminal application of solutions containing antioxidants, nutrients, and vasodilators are promising. Furthermore, focusing on improving mucosal recovery after an ischemic event may provide an alternative method of reduc...
Prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal adhesions. As with many aspects of clinical medicine, there is yet to be a single or definitive cure for postoperative adhesion formation. Current methods of prevention target risk factors predisposing horses to adhesion formation. Systemic pharmacologic therapies, such as antimicrobials, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, Salmonella antiserum, and hyperimmune plasma, help to reduce abdominal inflammation and minimize the effects of endotoxemia. Intra-abdominal or systemic heparin aids in enhancing peritoneal fibrinolysis. Prokinetic therapy promotes early postoperative return of intestinal motility, ...
Prevention and treatment of thrombosis, phlebitis, and laminitis in horses with gastrointestinal diseases. Organ thrombosis and laminitis are life-threatening complications in horses with acute gastrointestinal disease, especially those diseases that cause disruption of the protective mucosal barrier. Prevention of these complications should be a high priority when treating horses with gastrointestinal diseases because even with proper and intensive treatments, laminitis or organ thrombosis may not be curative. Preventative therapy should include expedient and appropriate treatment of the primary disease, normalization of tissue perfusion and oxygenation, and inhibition of gut-derived toxins or the...
Treatment of peritonitis. In summary, peritonitis in the horse is a potentially life-threatening disease that must be treated promptly and aggressively. Therapy should be aimed at reducing systemic shock and hypovolemia, correction of the primary cause, antibiotic and anti-inflammatory therapy, and abdominal drainage and lavage. The prognosis depends on the ability to diagnose and treat the underlying cause and prevent the development of complications. Mortality rates can be as high as 59.7%, with horses developing postoperative peritonitis having a 56% mortality rate. Long-term complications like adhesion formation or...
Clinical application of prokinetics. Intestinal stasis or ileus is a significant cause of mortality and morbidity in horses and has been attributed to a variety of causes, including loss of intrinsic or extrinsic electrical activity, incoordination of contractile activity from regional stimuli, and dissociation between electrical and mechanical activity. Proposed mechanisms include systemic shock, electrolyte disturbances, persistent luminal distention, ischemia, inflammation, peritonitis, endotoxemia, and anesthesia. Because the cause of ileus is likely multifactorial, a variety of pharmaceutics have been used to target specific...
Treatment of endotoxemia. Although recognition of clinical signs of endotoxemia is not difficult, determining the underlying cause for the development of endotoxemia may be a challenging task. For this reason, importance must be placed on performance of a thorough physical examination, attention to detail, and determination of whether or not surgical intervention is required. In most instances, a definitive diagnosis may require repeated examinations and laboratory work. In the meantime, affected animals require treatment for endotoxemia, with the aim being to reduce the duration of endotoxemia, prevent the interaction...
Fibronectin fragments cause release and degradation of collagen-binding molecules from equine explant cultures. Previous experiments have shown that addition of fragmented fibronectin can induce cartilage chondrolysis. In this study we investigated the fate of the collagen- and cell-binding molecules Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) and chondroadherin. Methods: Equine articular cartilage explants were stimulated with the C-terminal and the N-terminal heparin-binding fragments of fibronectin respectively, and the conditioned media were analysed by both quantitative (ELISA) and qualitative (mass spectrometry, Western blots) methods. Results: Both COMP and chondroadherin were released in a dose-d...
Pulmonary epithelial lining fluid and plasma ascorbic acid concentrations in horses affected by recurrent airway obstruction. To determine the pulmonary epithelial lining fluid (ELF) concentrations and degree of oxidation of ascorbic acid in horses affected by recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) in the presence and absence of neutrophilic airway inflammation. Methods: 6 RAO-affected horses and 8 healthy control horses. Methods: Nonenzymatic antioxidant concentrations were determined in RBC, plasma, and ELF samples of control horses and RAO-affected horses in the presence and absence of airway inflammation. Results: ELF ascorbic acid concentration was decreased in RAO-affected horses with airway inflammation (median, 0...
Flow cytometric detection of platelet-bound antibody in three horses with immune-mediated thrombocytopenia. Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia (IMT) is a sporadic cause of thrombocytopenia in horses for which it is difficult to establish a definitive diagnosis. In this report, we describe 3 horses with severe thrombocytopenia in which flow cytometric analysis of platelets for surface-bound IgG was used in an attempt to substantiate a provisional diagnosis of IMT. A distinct proportion (4.28%, 5.04%, and 7.95%) of platelets with surface-bound IgG was detected in the 3 thrombocytopenic horses, but not in 6 healthy horses (0.03% to 0.15%) or 6 horses with colic (0.00% to 1.21%). These results, in conjunc...
[Unilateral facial paralysis and keratitis sicca, signs of temporohyoid osteoarthropathy in the horse]. A 9-year-old Dutch Warmblood mare was presented with a history of abnormal behaviour and acute facial nerve paralysis on the left side. Clinical examination revealed a slight head tilt and a corneal ulcer of the left eye. The base of the left ear was warm and painful. Endoscopic examination of the left guttural pouch showed thickening of the proximal part of the stylohyoid bone. Computer tomography revealed a left-sided prominent bony enlargement of the middle and proximal part of the stylohyoid bone and the tympanic bulla, fusion of the temporrhoid joint, and osseous proliferation of the pars...
