Leukemia in horses is a hematological condition characterized by the abnormal proliferation of white blood cells in the bone marrow and peripheral blood. This disorder can lead to a range of clinical signs, including anemia, lethargy, and increased susceptibility to infections due to compromised immune function. Leukemia in horses is categorized into different types based on the specific lineage of affected blood cells, such as lymphoid or myeloid leukemia. Diagnosis typically involves blood tests, bone marrow examination, and flow cytometry. This topic includes peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the pathophysiology, diagnostic approaches, and potential treatment options for leukemia in equine patients.
Sadowska A, Molcan T, Wójtowicz A, Lukasik K, Pawlina-Tyszko K, Gurgul A, Ferreira-Dias G, Skarzynski DJ, Szóstek-Mioduchowska A.The establishment of the fetomaternal interface depends on precisely regulated communication between the conceptus and the uterine environment. Recent evidence suggests that microRNAs (miRNAs) may play an important role in embryo-maternal dialogue. This study aimed to determine the expression profile of endometrial miRNAs during days 26-28 of equine pregnancy. Additionally, the study aimed to predict target genes for differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRs) and their potential role in embryo attachment, adhesion, and implantation. Using next-generation sequencing, we identified 81 DEmiRs betwe...
Shakeel M, Yoon M.This study investigated the effect of heat stress on stallion testicular cells (TCs) and the effect of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 on TC viability, proliferation, and apoptosis, including different stages of germ cells. TCs were divided into control or treatment groups with 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 ng/mL of recombinant human IGF-1 (rhIGF-1) for 24 h at 34 °C and 37 °C. The population and viability were measured before and after treatment. The effects of rhIGF-1 on TC viability, proliferation, and apoptosis were determined using RT-qPCR. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) a...
Satué K, Gardon JC, Muñoz A.Myeloid disorders are conditions being characterized by abnormal proliferation and development of myeloid lineage including granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils), monocytes, erythroids, and megakaryocytes precursor cells. Myeloid leukemia, based on clinical presentation and proliferative rate of neoplastic cells, is divided into acute (AML) and myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN). The most commonly myeloid leukemia reported in horses are AML-M4 (myelomonocytic) and AML-M5 (monocytic). Isolated cases of AML-M6B (acute erythroid leukemia), and chronic granulocytic leukemia have al...
Dogan F, Bilge Dagalp S, Dik B, Farzani TA, Alkan F.Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is known as the etiological agent of Enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), which is the most common neoplastic disease of cattle. While the major route of virus transmission is believed to be iatrogenic, BLV proviral DNA has been identified in biological materials, including nasal secretions, saliva, milk, colostrum, and semen, and in several insect species, including horses flies. However, insects' role in the natural transmission of BLV has not been clearly demonstrated. This study assessed the possible role of midges - Culicoides spp. - in BLV transmission. BLVs were g...
Bienzle D.This article describes the indications for sampling of bone marrow, the technical aspects of obtaining marrow core biopsies and aspirates, and the preparation of marrow smears. All aspects are illustrated with clinical cases. The information that can be expected from the pathologist's report of marrow samples is outlined, and the clinical features and prognosis of different types of leukemia are detailed.
Meier K, Jaguva Vasudevan AA, Zhang Z, Bähr A, Kochs G, Häussinger D, Münk C.Human myxovirus resistance protein B (hMXB) is a restriction factor of HIV-1 that also inhibits a variety of retroviruses. However, hMXB is not antiviral against equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV). We show here that equine MX2 (eMX2) potently restricts EIAV in vitro. Additionally, eMX2 inhibits HIV-1 and other lentiviruses, including murine leukemia virus. Previously, it was reported that hMXB repression is reduced in hMXB Δ1-25, but not in GTP-binding mutant K131A and GTP-hydrolysis mutant T151A. In contrast to this phenomenon, our study indicates that eMX2 restriction is not diminished i...
Cooper CJ, Keller SM, Arroyo LG, Hewson J, Kenney D, Bienzle D.Leukemia is broadly divided into acute and chronic lymphocytic and myeloid types based on the proportion of blasts, morphology of cells, and expression of specific antigens on neoplastic cells. Classifying leukemia in horses can be challenging if blasts predominate and since few antibodies to identify cell types are available. The objective of this study was to describe in detail the clinical and pathologic features of acute leukemia in horses. Twelve horses ranging from 0.2 to 25.9 years of age were diagnosed with acute leukemia. Six cases were classified as acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) b...
Barrell EA, Asakawa MG, Felippe MJB, Divers TJ, Stokol T.Acute leukemia is rare in horses. Herein we describe historical, clinicopathologic, and postmortem findings in 6 horses with acute leukemia. Medical records of horses with >20% bone marrow blasts and cytochemical or immunophenotyping results were reviewed. Affected horses were 2-8 y of age and of different breeds and sex. Horses were presented acutely with nonspecific signs (e.g., fever, lethargy). Characteristic hemogram findings were bi- or pancytopenia with low blast numbers. Histologic examination revealed extramedullary infiltrates, especially in lymph nodes, spleen, kidney, liver, and lu...
Badial PR, Tallmadge RL, Miller S, Stokol T, Richards K, Borges AS, Felippe MJ.Mature B cell neoplasms cover a spectrum of diseases involving lymphoid tissues (lymphoma) or blood (leukemia), with an overlap between these two presentations. Previous studies describing equine lymphoid neoplasias have not included analyses of clonality using molecular techniques. The objective of this study was to use molecular techniques to advance the classification of B cell lymphoproliferative diseases in five adult equine patients with a rare condition of monoclonal gammopathy, B cell leukemia, and concurrent lymphadenopathy (lymphoma/leukemia). The B cell neoplasms were phenotypically...
Miyazawa T.Diseases caused by animal retroviruses have been recognized since 19th century in veterinary field. Most livestock and companion animals have own retroviruses. To disclose the receptors for these retroviruses will be useful for understanding retroviral pathogenesis, developments of anti-retroviral drugs and vectors for human and animal gene therapies. Of retroviruses in veterinary field, receptors for the following viruses have been identified; equine infectious anemia virus, feline immunodeficiency virus, feline leukemia virus subgroups A, B, C, and T, Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus, enzootic na...
Buechner-Maxwell V, Zhang C, Robertson J, Jain NC, Antczak DF, Feldman BF, Murray MJ.Leukemia is a neoplastic disease of one or more of the cell types of the hemopoietic system and is rarely diagnosed in the horse. This report describes a case of subleukemic acute myelomonocytic leukemia in an 11-year-old gelding. Preliminary cytological diagnosis was supported by two types of laboratory investigations. Cytochemical characterization of blood and bone marrow neoplastic cells was consistent with a myelomonocytic origin. Neoplastic blast cells in peripheral blood were labeled by monoclonal antibodies specific for cell surface molecules of horse granulocytes, but they were not lab...
Jaeschke G, Rudolph R.In a review supplementary to prior evaluations further hematological or cytodiagnostic aspects respectively of equine leucosis are discussed. Leukemic nature of the disease is characterized by increased count of normal blood cells or by the presence of morphologically non-differentiated cells in circulating blood or by disorder or loss of function of blood cells respectively. Thrombocytopenia in the most cases is accompanied by anemia, leukemia and tumor cell infiltration in bone marrow. Tumor cells in circulating blood indicate their presence in bone marrow too. In cases of equine leucosis wi...
Yoshinari K, Yuasa K, Iga F, Mimura A.A growth-promoting factor for human myeloid cells was purified to apparent homogeneity from horse serum by a combination of gel filtration, blue Sepharose affinity chromatography, Mono Q anion-exchange chromatography, Mono P chromatofocusing and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The growth promoter was an iron-bound, single glycopolypeptide chain with a molecular weight of 84,000, an isoelectric point of 5.4 and an amino terminal sequence of Glu-Gln-Thr-Val-Arg-Trp-Cys-Thr-Val-Ser-Asn-His-Glu-Val-Ser-Lys-. According to the results of the amino acid sequence, iron bindi...
Burkhardt E, von Saldern F, Huskamp B.On clinical examination, a six-year-old Hassian gray gelding with a history of impaired performance, slight cough, colic, and edema of the ventral abdomen, prepuce and the legs had reduced skin turgor, pale mucous membranes, forced costoabdominal breathing, reduced venous return, enlarged lymph nodes, and splenomegaly. Hematologic findings revealed anemia, leukocytosis and a high percentage of monocytoid leukemic cells. Generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, ascites, hydrothorax, and a diffusely thickened gut wall were found at necropsy. Massive infiltration with monocytoid leukemic cells ...
Boone CW, Harell GS, Bond HE.Large-scale separation of mixtures of mammalian cells was obtained with the A-1X zonal centrifuge rotor and density gradients consisting of Ficoll dissolved in modified Eagle's MEM suspension-culture medium. The cells remained viable as tested by plating efficiency or by motility observed with time-lapse photography. Rabbit thymocyte and HeLa cell mixtures were separated with 99 and 89 per cent purity, respectively. Mixtures of thymocytes and suspension-cultured, human acute leukemia cells (Roswell Park strain LKID) were separated with 93 and 91% purity, respectively. HeLa cells were isolated ...
Boone CW, Harell GS, Bond HE.Large-scale separation of mixtures of mammalian cells was obtained with the A-1X zonal centrifuge rotor and density gradients consisting of Ficoll dissolved in modified Eagle's MEM suspension-culture medium. The cells remained viable as tested by plating efficiency or by motility observed with time-lapse photography. Rabbit thymocyte and HeLa cell mixtures were separated with 99 and 89 per cent purity, respectively. Mixtures of thymocytes and suspension-cultured, human acute leukemia cells (Roswell Park strain LKID) were separated with 93 and 91% purity, respectively. HeLa cells were isolated ...
Meier K, Jaguva Vasudevan AA, Zhang Z, Bähr A, Kochs G, Häussinger D, Münk C.Human myxovirus resistance protein B (hMXB) is a restriction factor of HIV-1 that also inhibits a variety of retroviruses. However, hMXB is not antiviral against equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV). We show here that equine MX2 (eMX2) potently restricts EIAV in vitro. Additionally, eMX2 inhibits HIV-1 and other lentiviruses, including murine leukemia virus. Previously, it was reported that hMXB repression is reduced in hMXB Δ1-25, but not in GTP-binding mutant K131A and GTP-hydrolysis mutant T151A. In contrast to this phenomenon, our study indicates that eMX2 restriction is not diminished i...
Cooper CJ, Keller SM, Arroyo LG, Hewson J, Kenney D, Bienzle D.Leukemia is broadly divided into acute and chronic lymphocytic and myeloid types based on the proportion of blasts, morphology of cells, and expression of specific antigens on neoplastic cells. Classifying leukemia in horses can be challenging if blasts predominate and since few antibodies to identify cell types are available. The objective of this study was to describe in detail the clinical and pathologic features of acute leukemia in horses. Twelve horses ranging from 0.2 to 25.9 years of age were diagnosed with acute leukemia. Six cases were classified as acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) b...
Burkhardt E, von Saldern F, Huskamp B.On clinical examination, a six-year-old Hassian gray gelding with a history of impaired performance, slight cough, colic, and edema of the ventral abdomen, prepuce and the legs had reduced skin turgor, pale mucous membranes, forced costoabdominal breathing, reduced venous return, enlarged lymph nodes, and splenomegaly. Hematologic findings revealed anemia, leukocytosis and a high percentage of monocytoid leukemic cells. Generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, ascites, hydrothorax, and a diffusely thickened gut wall were found at necropsy. Massive infiltration with monocytoid leukemic cells ...
Buechner-Maxwell V, Zhang C, Robertson J, Jain NC, Antczak DF, Feldman BF, Murray MJ.Leukemia is a neoplastic disease of one or more of the cell types of the hemopoietic system and is rarely diagnosed in the horse. This report describes a case of subleukemic acute myelomonocytic leukemia in an 11-year-old gelding. Preliminary cytological diagnosis was supported by two types of laboratory investigations. Cytochemical characterization of blood and bone marrow neoplastic cells was consistent with a myelomonocytic origin. Neoplastic blast cells in peripheral blood were labeled by monoclonal antibodies specific for cell surface molecules of horse granulocytes, but they were not lab...
Yoshinari K, Yuasa K, Iga F, Mimura A.A growth-promoting factor for human myeloid cells was purified to apparent homogeneity from horse serum by a combination of gel filtration, blue Sepharose affinity chromatography, Mono Q anion-exchange chromatography, Mono P chromatofocusing and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The growth promoter was an iron-bound, single glycopolypeptide chain with a molecular weight of 84,000, an isoelectric point of 5.4 and an amino terminal sequence of Glu-Gln-Thr-Val-Arg-Trp-Cys-Thr-Val-Ser-Asn-His-Glu-Val-Ser-Lys-. According to the results of the amino acid sequence, iron bindi...
Barrell EA, Asakawa MG, Felippe MJB, Divers TJ, Stokol T.Acute leukemia is rare in horses. Herein we describe historical, clinicopathologic, and postmortem findings in 6 horses with acute leukemia. Medical records of horses with >20% bone marrow blasts and cytochemical or immunophenotyping results were reviewed. Affected horses were 2-8 y of age and of different breeds and sex. Horses were presented acutely with nonspecific signs (e.g., fever, lethargy). Characteristic hemogram findings were bi- or pancytopenia with low blast numbers. Histologic examination revealed extramedullary infiltrates, especially in lymph nodes, spleen, kidney, liver, and lu...
Satué K, Gardon JC, Muñoz A.Myeloid disorders are conditions being characterized by abnormal proliferation and development of myeloid lineage including granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils), monocytes, erythroids, and megakaryocytes precursor cells. Myeloid leukemia, based on clinical presentation and proliferative rate of neoplastic cells, is divided into acute (AML) and myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN). The most commonly myeloid leukemia reported in horses are AML-M4 (myelomonocytic) and AML-M5 (monocytic). Isolated cases of AML-M6B (acute erythroid leukemia), and chronic granulocytic leukemia have al...
Bienzle D.This article describes the indications for sampling of bone marrow, the technical aspects of obtaining marrow core biopsies and aspirates, and the preparation of marrow smears. All aspects are illustrated with clinical cases. The information that can be expected from the pathologist's report of marrow samples is outlined, and the clinical features and prognosis of different types of leukemia are detailed.
Jaeschke G, Rudolph R.In a review supplementary to prior evaluations further hematological or cytodiagnostic aspects respectively of equine leucosis are discussed. Leukemic nature of the disease is characterized by increased count of normal blood cells or by the presence of morphologically non-differentiated cells in circulating blood or by disorder or loss of function of blood cells respectively. Thrombocytopenia in the most cases is accompanied by anemia, leukemia and tumor cell infiltration in bone marrow. Tumor cells in circulating blood indicate their presence in bone marrow too. In cases of equine leucosis wi...
Dogan F, Bilge Dagalp S, Dik B, Farzani TA, Alkan F.Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is known as the etiological agent of Enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), which is the most common neoplastic disease of cattle. While the major route of virus transmission is believed to be iatrogenic, BLV proviral DNA has been identified in biological materials, including nasal secretions, saliva, milk, colostrum, and semen, and in several insect species, including horses flies. However, insects' role in the natural transmission of BLV has not been clearly demonstrated. This study assessed the possible role of midges - Culicoides spp. - in BLV transmission. BLVs were g...
Miyazawa T.Diseases caused by animal retroviruses have been recognized since 19th century in veterinary field. Most livestock and companion animals have own retroviruses. To disclose the receptors for these retroviruses will be useful for understanding retroviral pathogenesis, developments of anti-retroviral drugs and vectors for human and animal gene therapies. Of retroviruses in veterinary field, receptors for the following viruses have been identified; equine infectious anemia virus, feline immunodeficiency virus, feline leukemia virus subgroups A, B, C, and T, Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus, enzootic na...
Badial PR, Tallmadge RL, Miller S, Stokol T, Richards K, Borges AS, Felippe MJ.Mature B cell neoplasms cover a spectrum of diseases involving lymphoid tissues (lymphoma) or blood (leukemia), with an overlap between these two presentations. Previous studies describing equine lymphoid neoplasias have not included analyses of clonality using molecular techniques. The objective of this study was to use molecular techniques to advance the classification of B cell lymphoproliferative diseases in five adult equine patients with a rare condition of monoclonal gammopathy, B cell leukemia, and concurrent lymphadenopathy (lymphoma/leukemia). The B cell neoplasms were phenotypically...
Shakeel M, Yoon M.This study investigated the effect of heat stress on stallion testicular cells (TCs) and the effect of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 on TC viability, proliferation, and apoptosis, including different stages of germ cells. TCs were divided into control or treatment groups with 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 ng/mL of recombinant human IGF-1 (rhIGF-1) for 24 h at 34 °C and 37 °C. The population and viability were measured before and after treatment. The effects of rhIGF-1 on TC viability, proliferation, and apoptosis were determined using RT-qPCR. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) a...
Sadowska A, Molcan T, Wójtowicz A, Lukasik K, Pawlina-Tyszko K, Gurgul A, Ferreira-Dias G, Skarzynski DJ, Szóstek-Mioduchowska A.The establishment of the fetomaternal interface depends on precisely regulated communication between the conceptus and the uterine environment. Recent evidence suggests that microRNAs (miRNAs) may play an important role in embryo-maternal dialogue. This study aimed to determine the expression profile of endometrial miRNAs during days 26-28 of equine pregnancy. Additionally, the study aimed to predict target genes for differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRs) and their potential role in embryo attachment, adhesion, and implantation. Using next-generation sequencing, we identified 81 DEmiRs betwe...
