Tissue in horses refers to the various types of biological material that make up the body of the animal, including muscle, connective, epithelial, and nervous tissues. Each type of tissue has specific functions and characteristics, contributing to the overall physiology and health of the horse. Muscle tissue is responsible for movement and locomotion, connective tissue provides structural support and protection, epithelial tissue covers body surfaces and lines cavities, and nervous tissue is involved in transmitting signals for communication and coordination within the body. The study of equine tissue encompasses aspects such as growth, repair, and response to injury or disease. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the structure, function, and pathology of different tissue types in horses, offering insights into their role in equine health and disease management.
Bragulla H.The pre- and perinatal development of the hoof cartilage is described concerning the histological structure and surrounding vessels. Beginning in the third month of fetal development, the anlage of the hoof cartilage is still present in typical shape and location. It is built out of mesenchymal connective tissue. During further fetal development, the connective tissue cells will differentiate into two cell populations, fibroblasts and chondroblasts. Vessels, traversing the hoof cartilage, are surrounded by loose connective tissue, which will partially develop fibrocartilage. At birth, hoof car...
Bromiley MW.Before a physical therapy and rehabilitation program is suggested, the end requirement must be considered. All physiotherapeutic machines are subject to laboratory screening. In the United States, the approval of the Food and Drug Administration is required; in the United Kingdom, certification by the National Physics Laboratory has been required by law since January 1996. Laboratory experiments are continually conducted to examine and evaluate the effects on tissues of varied electrical waveforms, low-intensity electrical currents, sound waves, and light rays delivered by a variety of therape...
Whitton RC, Rose RJ.Medial palmar intercarpal ligaments (MPICL) and dorsomedial intercarpal ligaments (DMICL) from the midcarpal joints of 11 adult horses in training were examined histopathologically. These were compared with ligaments from seven horses less than 12 months of age, and 10 grossly enlarged DMICLs of adult horses. Tearing of the MPICL was observed in 15 of 22 joints from adult horses. Collagen fibre bundles of the MPICLs generally were disorganized and poorly aligned, and there were large areas of loose connective tissue. In young horses there was more parallel alignment of collagen bundles and les...
Wilmink JM, van Weeren PR, Stolk PW, Van Mil FN, Barneveld A.The histological aspects of second-intention healing were studied in 5 horses and 5 ponies. Biopsies were taken weekly from standardised wounds on the metatarsus and femoral biceps muscle of one horse and one pony. Sections were stained to enable cell counting and the detection of DNA synthesis, fibrin, smooth muscle actin (SMA), collagen, and bacteria. In the ponies, the number of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs) was high during the first 3 weeks and subsequently decreased rapidly. In the horses, the initial number of PMNs was lower, but remained persistently elevated during the evaluation...
Pollitt CC, Daradka M.Disintegration of the basement membrane (BM) of the equine hoof lamellae and failure of the BM to remain attached to the basal cells of the secondary epidermal lamellae (SEL) is one of the earliest pathological events to occur in acute laminitis. Changes in the lamellar basement membrane were investigated by immunolabelling the key structural components of the BM, type IV collagen, type VII collagen and laminin in the lamellar BM of horses 48 h after the induction of laminitis. Lamellar tissues were harvested from 2 normal horses and 2 horses with acute laminitis. Immunostaining with antibody ...
Kempson SA, Campbell EH.The permeability barrier in the dorsal wall of the equine hoof capsule was studied by means of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in 0.9 N saline solution as a water soluble tracer. Section were treated with 3'3'-diaminobenzidine tetrachloride (DAB) and before dissection the quality of the horn of feet from 10 horses was assessed and given a subjective grade as either good or poor. Blocks of tissue from each horse were left in either an oven at 60 degrees C or in water for 2 weeks before treatment in HRP, sectioning and DAB solution. Regions observed were i) outer surface, ii) outermost layers of th...
Pollitt CC, Pass MA, Pollitt S.A method for culturing explants of lamellar hoof was developed to investigate the process of lamellar separation that occurs in laminitis. Explants, consisting of hoof wall, dermal and epidermal lamellae and the adjacent sub-lamellar connective tissue remained intact when cultured in tissue culture medium for 2 days. However, when cultured in the presence of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activator aminophenylmercuric acetate (APMA), the lamellae separated when tension was applied by pulling the hoof wall in an opposite direction to the connective tissue. The separation occurred between th...
Wattle O.The equine skin and its appendages (chestnut, hoof capsule, ergot, sebaceous glands, sweat glands and hair) consist mainly of keratinocytes. The intermediate filament cytoskeleton of these cells in involved in specialised functions, such as mechanical co-ordination of the cytoskeleton of the cell or tissue. In this study, 7 monoclonal antibodies, one polyclonal antibody and immunoblot analysis were used to characterise cytokeratins (separated by 1- and 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis) from the hoof wall and chestnut. The tissue distribution of these cytokeratins was studied by immunohistoche...
Reilly GC, Currey JD.During locomotion, the anterior cortex of the equine radius is loaded predominantly in tension, the posterior predominantly in compression. The anterior cortex is relatively strong in tension, the posterior in compression. We investigated the pattern of failure of specimens from the two cortices using laser scanning confocal microscopy. All specimens were loaded in four-point bending to increasingly higher loads. We quantified the amount of diffuse microcracking on the tensile side of these specimens by observing the amount of light emitted under laser illumination. The amount of light emitted...
Roels S, Ducatelle R, van De Vijver B, De Kruif A.An 18-month-old cross-bred Fjord pony colt presenting a fibrosarcoma of the prepuce with severe infiltrative growth, was treated by topical application of 5-fluorouracil. Biopsies were taken before and after a treatment period of 2 months. As a control, preputial tissue from a healthy horse was biopsied. Tissue sections were stained immunohistochemically for Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) and Proliferation related factor--Ki67 (MIB1). Using computerized quantitative image analysis of these sections, Mitotic index (PCNA), Growth Fraction (Ki67) and total nuclear area percentage of th...
Ferreira-Dias GM, Nequin LG, King SS.To evaluate whether the pathologic changes observed by light microscopy in endometrium of categories II and III were reflected by cellular changes and to describe differences in the endometrial cell ultrastructure during estrus and diestrus. Methods: 18 healthy mares. Methods: Endometrial tissues biopsied during the physiologic breeding season were categorized, using light microscopy, and were studied, using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results: Using TEM, glycogen granules were associated with giant mitochondria for all endometrial types during diestrus. Development of rough endopl...
Song L, Porter DG, Coomber BL.Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs) play very important roles in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling in ovarian follicle growth and ovulation. Equine follicles are embedded in cortex that is at the center of the ovary, and they must expand/emigrate to the fossa, the only site in the ovary for ovulation. Therefore, equine ovarian stromal cells (EOSC) are probably involved in ECM remodeling during follicle growth. This study examined whether cultured EOSC synthesize gelatinases and TIMPs, molecules essential for ECM remodeling in other systems. Results showed...
Richardson DW, Dodge GR.To clone the entire coding sequence of equine matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3, stromelysin) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) and compare their nucleotide and amino acid sequences with those of MMP-3 and TIMP-1 from other species. Methods: Articular cartilage harvested from the joints of 4 foals, 2 yearlings, and 3 adult horses. Methods: A cDNA library was constructed from mRNA extracted from equine chondrocytes. The library was screened and clones selected that contained the cDNA for MMP-3 and TIMP-1. The cDNA was sequenced and the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequen...
Birch HL, Bailey AJ, Goodship AE.Injuries to the superficial digital flexor tendon are common in horses required to gallop and jump at speed. Partial rupture of this tendon usually occurs in the central core of the midmetacarpal region and may be preceded by localised degenerative changes. Post mortem examination of apparently normal equine flexor tendons has revealed an abnormal macroscopic appearance in the central core, characterised by a reddish discolouration. We have previously shown that there is also physical damage to the collagen fibres. In the present study we tested the hypothesis that the abnormal appearance is a...
Kalsow CM, Albrecht TR, Steinberg NP, Lunn DP.Immunohistochemical evaluation of equine tissue necessitates the use of antibodies reactive with cells from a heterogeneous population. Lymphoid tissues from 12 horses were fixed in Bouin's fluid, ethanol or formalin and examined for immunohistochemical reactivity with anti-equine and anti-human monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for MHC Class II antigens, T and B lymphocytes, and macrophages. Only a few of the anti-equine MAbs tested were reactive with fixed, paraffin wax-embedded tissue. Anti-human MAbs expanded the desired range of reactivity and increased the consistency in different an...
Mungall BA, Pollitt CC, Collins R.In situ gelatin zymography is a technique, which utilises a gelatin-based emulsion overlay to detect and, more importantly, localise the gelatinase activity in underlying tissue. Gelatinase A [matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2)] and gelatinase B [matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9)] are present in equine hoof homogenates and supernatants from cultured hoof explants by SDS-PAGE gelatin zymography, and it has been assumed that the enzymes are derived solely from matrix and epithelia and not from other sources such as leucocytes. Using in situ zymography, gelatinases are shown to be localised with...
Reilly CA, Aust SD.An intracellular, membrane-bound enzyme exhibiting both p-phenylenediamine oxidase activity and ferrous iron oxidase activity was isolated with the plasma membrane fraction of horse heart and studied for its ability to load iron into ferritin. The ferroxidase activity of the tissue oxidase was stimulated approximately twofold by horse spleen apoferritin, and the iron was loaded into ferritin. The loading of iron into ferritin by the tissue oxidase was inhibited by anti-horse serum ceruloplasmin antibody. The stoichiometry of iron oxidation and oxygen consumption during iron loading into ferrit...
Wohlsein P, Pohlenz JF, Salt JS, Hamblin C.African horse sickness virus (AHSV) antigen was demonstrated immunohistochemically in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of tissues collected from three ponies suffering from the peracute form of the disease and from one pony affected by the fever form. The pattern of the antigen distribution indicated a particular organ tropism characterised by an accumulation of AHSV antigen in cardio-pulmonary tissues of the animals with the peracute disease and in the spleen of the pony with the fever form. AHSV antigen was identified in endothelial cells of small blood vessels, particularly capill...
Fogarty U, Perl D, Good P, Ensley S, Seawright A, Noonan J.A cluster of 6 cases of equine granulomatous enteritis is described. Aluminium was demonstrated in the tissues and lesions of these horses and in the intimal bodies of intestinal vessels. The relationship between granulomatous lesions, aluminium, acidity and invading microorganisms, particularly parasites, is presented and discussed.
Clegg PD, Coughlan AR, Carter SD.Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are the main enzymes involved in connective tissue turnover. Regulation of MMPs is achieved by controlling production, activation of the pro-enzymes together with the presence of inhibitors, such as, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPS). The presence of TIMPs in equine synovial fluid was assessed by the ability of the fluid to inhibit equine MMP-9 activity using a gelatin degradation ELISA. The cellular source of the TIMPs was determined using culture supernatants of resident articular cells (chondrocytes and synovial fibroblasts) and invading inflam...
Bowker RM, Van Wulfen KK, Springer SE, Linder KE.To examine macro- and microscopic characteristics of cartilage of the distal phalanx (ungual cartilage [UC]) and digital cushion in the equine foot and to relate them to the foot's function of energy dissipation. Methods: 85 horses and 5 foals of various breeds and ages. Methods: Feet, obtained at necropsy, were perfused with India ink (n = 30), latex (5), or polymer plastic (10). Select feet were examined histologically for tissue architecture and to identify elastic fibers. Immunochemistry to identify substance P peptides in nerves (feet from foals) and gold chloride impregnation of axons (n...
Oaks JL, McGuire TC, Ulibarri C, Crawford TB.The equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) often results in lifelong subclinical infection following early episodes of clinical disease. To identify the cellular reservoirs of EIAV during subclinical infection, horses were infected with EIAV and allowed to develop subclinical infections. Horses with acute disease served as a basis for comparison. The tissue distribution, replication status, location of infected cells, and viral load were characterized by PCR for proviral DNA and reverse transcriptase PCR for viral RNA, in situ hybridization, and in situ PCR. Proviral DNA was widespread in tissu...
Mobarak MS, Ryan MF.Adult Strongylus vulgaris, collected from the caecum of infected horses and embedded in paraplast using standard methods, were sectioned for immunohistochemistry (IHC) studies. Antibodies were raised in rabbit against the excretory-secretory product (ESP) and against two constituent protein bands (28-30 kDa). The use of sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunoblotting indicated the immunogenicity of ESP and of the subunits (28-30 kDa). In ELISA, both rabbit hyperimmune sera recognized the ESP and (28-30 kDa) ban...
Ludewig T.Glomus organs (Hoyer-Grosser's organs) were frequently found in the corium and the subcutis of the skin of the equine and bovine mammary gland. They were most frequently situated in the border zone between the stratum profundum and the stratum superficiale corii. These specialized vascular structures (arterio-venous anastomosis) were present in all investigated skin areas. Although the glomus organs varied in size and shape, they possessed common histologic structures: an arteriole entered the connective capsule of the glomus and divided into strongly convoluted arterio-venous channels; the ar...
Ebert DW, Roberts C, Farrar SK, Johnston WM, Litsky AS, Bertone AL.Measurements of absolute total reflectance were recorded from weight-bearing (n=9) and nonweight-bearing (n=9) equine articular cartilage specimens from 300 to 850 nm using a spectrophotometer with integrating sphere attachment. Following correction of measured spectra for interfacial reflections and edge losses, Kubelka-Munk theory was applied to estimate absorption and scattering coefficient, one-dimensional light intensity distribution, and light penetration depth. Kubelka-Munk absorption coefficients ranged from ∼7 cm-1 at 330 nm to ∼1 cm-1 at 850 nm. A localized absorption peak wa...
Vatistas NJ, Snyder JR, Nieto J, Hildebrand SV, Woliner MJ, Harmon FA, Barry SJ, Drake C.To determine whether xanthine oxidase and dehydrogenase activities are altered during low flow ischemia and reperfusion of the small intestine of horses. Methods: 5 clinically normal horses without histories of abdominal problems. Methods: With the horse under general anesthesia, a laparotomy was performed and blood flow to a segment of the distal jejunum was reduced to 20% of baseline for 120 minutes and was then reperfused for 120 minutes. Biopsy specimens were obtained before, during, and after ischemia for determination of xanthine oxidase and dehydrogenase activities, and for histologic a...
Bertone AL, Hardy J, Simmons EJ, Muir WW.To provide quantitative assessment of forces affecting filtration of synovial fluid in response to incremental changes in arterial and venous hemodynamics. Methods: 7 clinically normal adult horses. Methods: Using a stationary, isolated metacarpophalangeal joint preparation, blood flow (Qa[cir]), tissue perfusion, arterial pressure (Pa[cir]), venous pressure (Pv[cir]), transsynovial fluid flow, total vascular resistance, vascular compliance, and tissue compliance were evaluated before and after arterial and venous pressure manipulations. At isogravimetric conditions, pre- and postcapillary res...
Becker CK, Savelberg HH, Buchner HH, Barneveld A.To evaluate posttrauma biomechanical behavior of the scar attributable to desmotomy of the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon (AL-DDFT), compared with the histomorphologic and ultrasonographic appearance. Methods: 5 Standardbred trotters. Methods: Gross appearance, length, cross-sectional area (CSA), in vitro material properties, and ultrasonographic and histomorphologic features were studied 6 months after desmotomy. Tensile tests were conducted, with forces and elongation simultaneously recorded. Surgically treated limbs were compared with nontreated contralateral limbs. Re...
Kooreman K, Babbs C, Fessler J.To evaluate and compare oxidative processes during ischemia and reperfusion of the equine large colon and jejunum. Methods: 2 groups of 6 anesthetized horses undergoing a terminal procedure. Methods: Isolated loops of large colon and jejunum were subjected to 2 hours of ischemia, followed by 2 hours of reperfusion. Tissue specimens were taken after 105 minutes of ischemia and 10, 30, 60, and 120 minutes of reperfusion. Mesenteric arterial and venous blood samples were collected for blood gas analysis at the same times to evaluate ischemia and reoxygenation. Oxidative processes in tissues were ...
Platt D, Bird JL, Bayliss MT.In order to identify the pathological processes involved in the destruction of articular cartilage in arthritic diseases, it is first necessary to characterise the normal homeostasis of cartilage in a healthy joint. In particular, normal age-related changes in the biochemistry of cartilage complicate any comparisons that are made between diseased and healthy tissue. There are, however, no reports in the literature detailing the influence of ageing on the biochemistry of proteoglycans in equine articular cartilage. This study addresses the absence of such information by investigating the struct...
Richardson DW, Dodge GR.To clone the entire coding sequence of equine matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3, stromelysin) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) and compare their nucleotide and amino acid sequences with those of MMP-3 and TIMP-1 from other species. Methods: Articular cartilage harvested from the joints of 4 foals, 2 yearlings, and 3 adult horses. Methods: A cDNA library was constructed from mRNA extracted from equine chondrocytes. The library was screened and clones selected that contained the cDNA for MMP-3 and TIMP-1. The cDNA was sequenced and the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequen...
Vermeer C, Ulrich M.The presence of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase is demonstrated in the microsomal fraction of horse liver, spleen and kidney. The carboxylating enzyme systems in the spleen and in the kidney are susceptible to warfarin in a similar way as is carboxylase from the liver. It is concluded, that during the administration of vitamin K-antagonists (anticoagulation therapy) carboxylase in all these tissues is inhibited. Since most probably the majority of the reaction products of spleen and kidney carboxylase are no clotting factors, the inhibition of their production is a side-effect of the anticoagu...
Slocombe RF, Todhunter RJ, Stick JA.A qualitative and quantitative study was made of 2 adult horses to determine the effect of specimen preparation and the influence of anatomically separate regions on the microscopic structure of the esophagus. The effects of 3 fixative solutions (formalin, Bouin's fixative and Karnovsky's fixative) and 4 histologic staining procedures (hematoxylin and eosin, Gomori's trichrome, Laidlow's reticulum, and orcein-elastin) were compared. Density-dependent image analysis was used to compare the relative contributions of elastic and reticular fibers in esophageal connective tissue for each region. Cr...
Bastos HB, Kretzmann NA, Santos GO, Esmeraldino AT, Rechsteiner SF, Mattos RC, Neves AP.The period from the emergence of a dominant follicle until its formation requires tissue remodeling. Enzymes promoting collagen lysis, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), are fundamental for the process of extracellular matrix remodeling, which allows changes in ovarian tissue architecture during follicular growth. It has been suggested that the production of these enzymes may be affected by the rise in circulating concentrations of LH, which acts on the ovarian surface epithelium (OSE). The aim of this study was to determine the expression of MMP-1, MMP-2, and LH receptor (LHR) in the o...
Jones DL, Barber SM, Jack SW, Doige CE.Gross and microscopic effects of arthroscopic partial synovectomy on synovium and articular cartilage of middle carpal joints were studied in 15 horses. A 7-mm diameter motorized synovial resector was inserted into each middle carpal joint and arthroscopic partial synovectomy and lavage or arthroscopic lavage alone was performed. Study periods were 0 (three horses), 16 (three horses), and 30 days (six horses). No gross evidence of degenerative joint disease was observed at day 16 or 30. At 30 days, resected areas lacked villi and there was deposition of fibrin on the synovial surface with vary...
McD￮ LA.Stem cell therapy and cell-based therapies using other progenitor cells are becoming the treatment of choice for many equine orthopedic lesions. Important criteria for obtaining autogenous equine progenitor cells in vitro for use in clinical cell-based therapy include the ability to isolate and expand cells repeatedly to high numbers (millions) required for therapy, in a clinically relevant time frame. Cells must also maintain their ability to differentiate into the tissue type of choice. The objective of this study was to compare isolation and expansion techniques for preparation of periostea...
Wilson DV, Patterson JS, Stick JA, Provost PJ.The role of platelet-activating factor (PAF) in mediating the colonic damage that develops after large-colon torsion was studied in 14 ponies. Morphologic changes in areas of the ascending colon and selected abdominal and thoracic viscera after 1 hour of large-colon torsion and 3 to 5 hours of reperfusion were determined, as well as the protective effects of systemic administration of a specific PAF antagonist (WEB 2086). Ponies were selected then allocated at random and in equal numbers to 2 groups that received 1 of 2 treatments prior to induction of large-colon torsion: group 1--control (sa...
Sams RA, Detra RL, Muir WW.The pharmacokinetics and metabolism of doxapram in horses administered intravenous (iv) doses of 0.275, 0.55 and 1.1 mg doxapram/kg bodyweight (bwt) were investigated. Plasma doxapram concentrations decreased rapidly after drug administration and the disappearance of doxapram from plasma was best described by a polyexponential equation. Median values of total body clearance were 10.9, 10.6 and 10.9 ml/min/kg bwt for the three doses and were independent of dose. The steady-state volume of distribution was approximately 1,200 ml/kg bwt and the median biological half-life ranged from 121 to 178 m...
Orsini JA, Park MI, Spencer PA.Concentrations of amikacin in endometrial tissue and plasma were studied in mares in estrus after intrauterine infusion of 1.0 or 2.0 g once a day for 3 consecutive d, and after 9.7 or 14.5 mg/kg body weight (BW) had been injected intramuscularly once a day for 3 consecutive d to determine concentrations of amikacin sulfate in plasma and endometrial tissues, and whether parenteral administration provides any advantages over intramuscular infusion. No amikacin was detected in serum at the 1.0 g dose. At the infusion dose of 2.0 g once a day, very low levels of serum amikacin were detected at 1 ...
Hamamoto-Hardman BD, Steffey EP, Seminoff K, McKemie DS, Kass P, Knych HK.Although morphine has demonstrated antinociceptive effects in horses, its administration has been associated with dose-dependent adverse effects. In humans and rats, part of the analgesic effect of morphine has been attributed to the active metabolite, morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G). Although morphine can cause several undesirable effects, M6G has a more favorable safety profile. The objective of this study was to characterize the pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, and behavioral and select physiological effects of M6G following intravenous administration to a small group of horses. In Part ...
Thijssen HH, van den Bogaard AE, Wetzel JM, Maes JH, Muller AP.The pharmacokinetics of racemic warfarin were studied in 6 adult horses. After IV administration, the plasma concentration of warfarin showed a biphasic decline in time. Analysis of the data, according to 2-compartment kinetics, revealed the following constants: biological half-life was 13.3 hours, apparent volume of distribution was 0.46 L X kg-1, body clearance was 25.3 ml X hour-1 X kg-1. Warfarin was bound (91.5%) to plasma proteins. Unchanged warfarin was not detected in the urine. Absorption from the gastrointestinal tract was almost complete. Concentrations of warfarin in tissue were ex...
Khatibzadeh SM, Menarim BC, Nichols AEC, Werre SR, Dahlgren LA.Extracellular matrix (ECM) is responsible for tendon strength and elasticity. Healed tendon ECM lacks structural integrity, leading to reinjury. Porcine urinary bladder matrix (UBM) provides a scaffold and source of bioactive proteins to improve tissue healing, but has received limited attention for treating tendon injuries. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of UBM to induce matrix organization and tenogenesis using a novel in vitro model. We hypothesized that addition of UBM to tendon ECM hydrogels would improve matrix organization and cell differentiation. Hydrogels se...
Aoki Y, Hakamata H, Igarashi Y, Uchida K, Kobayashi H, Hirayama N, Kotani A, Kusu F.A simple method for determination of mosapride citrate and its metabolite, des-p-fluorobenzyl mosapride (M-1), in equine muscle, liver, kidney, adipose tissue and intestine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry has been developed. (+/-)-4-Amino-5-chloro-2-ethoxy-N-[[4-(2-chlorobenzyl)morpholinyl]methyl]benzamide was used as an internal standard. The analytes and internal standard were spiked and extracted from tissues by acetonitrile. The chromatographic separation was performed on a reversed-phase TSK-GEL SUPER ODS column with a mobile phase of acetonitrile-0.05% (v/v) formic acid...
Boison JO, Dowling P, Matus JL, Kinar J, Johnson R.This study reports the use of two validated LC with tandem MS (MS/MS) methods to study the residue depletion profile of phenylbutazone (PBZ) and its metabolite oxyphenbutazone (OXPBZ) from equine serum, urine, and muscle, kidney, and liver tissues. One LC-MS/MS method, with an LOQ of 1.0 ng/mL for PBZ and 2.0 ng/mL for OXPBZ, was used for the analysis of the two drugs in the biological fluids (equine urine and serum); the other LC-MS/MS method, with an LOQ of 0.5 ng/g for PBZ and OXPBZ, was used for the analysis of the drugs in the equine tissue samples. PBZ was administered intravenously to t...
Ijpma G, Liang CQ, Kachmar L, Panariti A, Benedetti A, Lavoie JP, Lauzon AM.Isolated human airway smooth muscle (ASM) tissue contractility studies are essential for understanding the role of ASM in respiratory disease, but limited availability and cost render storage options necessary for optimal use. However, to our knowledge, no comprehensive study of cryopreservation protocols for isolated ASM has been performed to date. We tested several cryostorage protocols on equine trachealis ASM using different cryostorage media [1.8 M dimethyl sulfoxide and fetal bovine serum (FBS) or Krebs-Henseleit (KH)] and different degrees of dissection (with or without epithelium and c...
Gurusinghe S, Hilbert B, Trope G, Wang L, Bandara N, Strappe P.Immortalization of chondrocytes enables long term in vitro culture; however, the chondrogenic capacity of transformed cells varies, thus highlighting the need to develop a proliferative and tuneable chondrocyte cell line where hypertrophic differentiation can be controlled. In this study the SV40 large T antigen and human telomerase reverse transcriptase were employed to immortalize pooled equine chondrocytes through lentiviral vector mediated transduction either singly or on combination. Transformed chondrocytes proliferated stably over multiple passages, but resulted in significantly lower e...
Dhakal P, Tsunoda N, Nambo Y, Taniyama H, Nagaoka K, Watanabe G, Taya K.Although equine gestation is unique from the standpoint of fetal gonadal enlargement and regression, the activator of this process is still unknown. The present study aimed to show a possible role of activin during equine gestation. In the first experiment, weekly plasma samples from six pregnant mares were used to measure activin A. In the second experiment, eight pregnant mares carrying female (gestational days 110, 140, 180, and 270) and male fetuses (gestational days 120, 180, 225, and 314) were used for immunohistochemistry of activin receptors (IA, IB, IIA, IIB), and their intracellular ...
Data in briefApril 30, 2020
Volume 30 105644 doi: 10.1016/j.dib.2020.105644
Pascoletti G, Pressanto MC, Putame G, Terzini M, Franceschini G, Zanetti EM.A number of applications in the surgical practice are based on tensile sutures aimed to keep soft tissues in place and compensate the exit of neuropathies, prolapses or general tissue relaxation. Long-term behaviour of these constructs need to be carefully examined in order to define tensile forces to be applied and to compare different suture anchors. Data here reported refer to equine laryngoplasties, where a suitable loading system has been designed in order to be able to test sutures in-sito, applying known forces ("On-site testing of sutured organs: an experimental set up to cyclically ti...
Johannessen MK, Skretting G, Ytrehus B, Røed KH.Endochondral bone formation is an important process in development and growth of the skeleton; still many of the mechanisms of growth cartilage remain unknown. The aim of this study was to identify genes specifically expressed in growth cartilage by constructing a subtraction cDNA library of the articular-epiphyseal cartilage complex from neonatal foal. Two hundred and eighty-four differently expressed clones, representing five novel and 37 known genes, were detected by subtraction hybridization. The tissue specificity of these genes was verified by reverse Northern analysis, and tissue distri...
Barnewitz D, Evers A, Zimmermann J, Wilke I, Kaps C, Sittinger M.Degenerative alterations in fetlock joints of the forelimb are common diagnoses for horses. The hyaline cartilage has a low capacity to regenerate and the treatment by veterinarians is often insufficient. As a final result, horses with articular cartilage defects are often not able to take part in competitions anymore. To establish an autologous cartilage repair method, we set artificial lesions (8 mm in diameter) into the fetlock joints of the forelimb of three horses. These defects were closed with autologous chondrocyte implants, which were fixed with titan-suture-anchors. After 3, 12 and 2...
Guthrie AJ, Short CR, Swan GE, Mülders MS, Killeen VM, Nurton JP.This paper describes the use of subcutaneously-placed tissue chambers as a sterile soft-tissue inflammation model in Thoroughbred horses. Acute, non-immune inflammation was initiated by injecting a sterile lambda carrageenan solution into a tissue chamber. This model was used to study the temporal changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions, pH, bicarbonate, protein, albumin, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) concentrations, cell counts and differential counts in tissue fluid from inflamed tissue chambers and control chambers. Skin temperatures over control and inflamed chamb...
Johnson W, Inamasu J, Yantzer B, Papangelou C, Guiot B.A soft tissue defect is often an unavoidable consequence of various surgical procedures or a result of trauma. Recently, intraoperative use of xenograft as a patch to the soft tissue defect has become popular with various products available in the market. In this study, mechanical properties of the OrthADAPTtrade mark Bioimplants (Pegasus Biologics, Irvine, CA), new xenograft products composed of collagen from equine pericardium, were evaluated individually and against an existing bioimplant product. The OrthADAPTtrade mark Bioimplants have three subtypes which differ in the degree of crosslin...
Baj A, Beltramini GA, Romano M, Lauritano D, Gaudio RM, Palmieri A, Cura F, Giannì AB.BIOPAD® is an ivory-white soft sponge, made exclusively of lyophilized type I native heterologous collagen extracted from horse flexor tendon, gelatine free, that keeps its native structure specific to the body’s skin tissue. BIOPAD® is an active dressing, playing an active role in all stages of wound healing process, stimulating granulation tissue growth and enhancing regeneration tissues. It ensures balance between absorption and humidity at wound surface, gaseous exchange of soft tissues during healing process, barrier to prevent bacterial infections and it is completely non-adherent. T...
Webb TL, Burnett RC, Avery AC, Olver CS.Characterization of anemia in horses presents a challenge, as they do not release reticulocytes into peripheral blood. Transferrin receptor (TfR) expression is highest on erythroid cells in people and rats, and measurement of a soluble serum form (sTfR) is used to quantify erythropoiesis in these species. We hypothesized that equine TfR (eTfR) expression is similar in quantity and distribution to that in these other species and thus has potential for characterization of the regenerative response in anemic horses. Objective: This study was conducted to clone and sequence the eTfR gene and measu...
Aurich JE, Wohlsein P, Wulf M, Nees M, Baumgärtner W, Becker-Birck M, Aurich C.Identification of horses has traditionally been facilitated by hot iron branding, but the extent by which branding symbols and numbers can be identified has not been investigated. The local pathological changes induced by branding are also unknown. This study analysed the readability of branding symbols and histomorphological alterations at the branding sites. A total of 248 horses in an equestrian championship were available for identification of symbols and numbers. A further 28 horses, euthanased for other reasons, provided histological examination of the branding site. All except one horse...
Hughes SB, Quan M, Guthrie A, Schulman M.The insulin-like growth factor system (insulin-like growth factor 1, insulin-like growth factor 2, insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor, insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor and six insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins) and insulin are essential to muscle metabolism and most aspects of male and female reproduction. Insulin-like growth factor and insulin play important roles in the regulation of cell growth, differentiation and the maintenance of cell differentiation in mammals. In order to better understand the local factors that regulate equine physiology, such as muscle metabolism a...
French RA, Meier WA, Zachary JF.Tissues from a 9-year-old American Standardbred gelding with a history of anorexia, mild colic, and unexpected death were submitted to the Laboratories of Veterinary Diagnostic Medicine at the University of Illinois for histopathologic examination. Microscopic diagnoses were severe subacute, diffuse eosinophilic colitis with intralesional protozoa and a subacute to chronic eosinophilic portal hepatitis with granuloma formation. Two tissue-invading, ciliated protozoa were identified in large numbers within the colonic mucosa. The ciliates were Polymorphella ampulla and Cycloposthium sp., Phylum...
Trápaga MR, Poester VR, Mousquer MA, de Souza RP, Rafael LA, Bonel J, Melo AM, Reis AG, de Faria RO, Stevens DA, Nogueira CEW, Xavier MO.Aspergillosis is an uncommon disease in horses, but it can be fatal. We report two cases of systemic aspergillosis in foals that occurred in a short period in the same region of southern Brazil. In addition, a literature review of similar cases was also performed. Risk factors were attributed to an immunodepression by primary enterocolitis and corticosteroid treatment, the damage in the epithelium, and multiple antibacterial treatments, which allowed local fungal proliferation, tissue invasion and spread of infection, leading to death. Since the antemortem diagnosis of aspergillosis in foals i...
Caspers MK, Gier CJ, Reesink HL.Non-septic tenosynovitis is a clinically relevant and often performance limiting musculoskeletal injury in the horse. Objective: To review the published literature to determine which tendon sheaths are commonly affected by non-septic tenosynovitis and to describe the most frequently reported pathological lesions, outcomes, and surgical complications in equine non-septic tenosynovitis. Methods: Systematic review. Methods: Literature searches were conducted in July 2021 from the online search engines PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science Core, VetMed Resource and ProQuest Theses & Dissertations. Th...
Tamura N, Heidari N, Faragher RGA, Smith RKW, Dudhia J.Resveratrol (RSV; trans-3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene) strongly activates sirtuin 1, and it and its analogue V29 enhance the proliferation of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs).Although culture medium containing 5-azacytydine and RSV inhibits senescence of adipose tissue-derived MSCs isolated from horses with metabolic syndrome, few studies have reported the effects of RSV on equine bone marrow-derived MSCs (eBMMSCs) isolated from horses without metabolic syndrome. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of RSV and V29 on the cell cycle of eBMMSCs. Following treatment with 5 µM RS...
