FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Frontiers in veterinary science2021; 8; 740621; doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.740621

A Diagnostic Survey of Aborted Equine Fetuses and Stillborn Premature Foals in Denmark.

Abstract: Loss of pregnancy in mares can have many different causes, including both infectious and non-infectious conditions. Extrapolation of findings from other studies is often uncertain as the significance of each cause varies across regions. Causes of pregnancy loss in mares have never been thoroughly studied in Denmark, so a prospective cross-sectional cohort study targeting the entire Danish population of pregnant mares was performed over a period of 13 months to obtain knowledge of the significance of individual causes. Fifty aborted or prematurely delivered stillborn fetuses were submitted for necropsy and examined by a panel of diagnostic laboratory methods. Overall, a cause of fetal loss was established for 72% of the examined cases. Most cases (62%) were lost due to a non-infectious cause, of which obstruction of the feto-placental blood circulation due to severe torsion of the umbilical cord was most prevalent. Pregnancy loss due to a variety of opportunistic bacteria, including bacteria not previously associated with abortion in mares, accounted for 12%, while equid alphaherpesvirus (EHV) type 1 was the cause of pregnancy loss in 8% of the cases. EHV type 4 and species were identified in some cases, but not regarded as the cause of fetal loss. Umbilical cord torsion was found to be the most prevalent cause of fetal loss in Danish mares, while infectious causes such as EHV type 1 and streptococci only accounted for a minor proportion of the losses. The study highlights the need for defined criteria for establishing an abortion diagnosis in mares, particularly in relation to EHV types 1 and 4.
Copyright © 2021 Agerholm, Klas, Damborg, Borel, Pedersen and Christoffersen.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2021-11-10 PubMed ID: 34859085PubMed Central: PMC8631530DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.740621Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This Danish research study explores causes of pregnancy loss in horses, diagnosing reasons for 72% of cases from a 13-month investigation period. It found that obstruction of blood circulation due to severe umbilical cord torsion was the most common cause, while infectious causes such as EHV type 1 and bacterial infections were less common.

Research Background and Goals

  • The research was driven by the lack of comprehensive studies in Denmark examining causes of pregnancy loss in mares.
  • The purpose was to obtain a clear understanding of the individual causes for pregnancy loss in mares across Denmark.

Methodology

  • This was a cross-sectional cohort study conducted over 13 months, involving the entire population of pregnant mares across Denmark.
  • The research team examined 50 aborted or prematurely delivered stillborn fetuses using a variety of diagnostic laboratory methods.

Findings

  • A cause for fetal loss was identified for 72% of the examined cases.
  • The majority of losses (62%) were due to non-infectious causes, the most prevalent of which was severe umbilical cord torsion obstructing blood flow between the fetus and the placenta.
  • Infectious causes accounted for a smaller proportion of losses. Of these, varied types of opportunistic bacteria were to blame for 12% of miscarriages, with some types of bacteria being newly associated with equine abortion.
  • Equid alphaherpesvirus type 1 (EHV type 1) was implicated in 8% of losses. EHV type 4 and Streptococcus bacteria were present in some cases but were not considered the primary cause of fetal demise.

Conclusion

  • Severe umbilical cord torsion causing obstruction of blood circulation was deemed the prime cause of pregnancy loss in mares across Denmark, rather than infectious causes like EHV type 1 and streptococci.
  • This discovery emphasises the need for robust criteria to diagnose abortion in mares, especially relating to EHV types 1 and 4.

Cite This Article

APA
Agerholm JS, Klas EM, Damborg P, Borel N, Pedersen HG, Christoffersen M. (2021). A Diagnostic Survey of Aborted Equine Fetuses and Stillborn Premature Foals in Denmark. Front Vet Sci, 8, 740621. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.740621

Publication

Frontiers in veterinary science
ISSN: 2297-1769
NlmUniqueID: 101666658
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 8
Pages: 740621
PII: 740621

Researcher Affiliations

Agerholm, Jørgen Steen
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Høje Taastrup, Denmark.
Klas, Eva-Maria
  • Department of Molecular Biology, LABOKLIN GmbH & Co. KG, Bad Kissingen, Germany.
Damborg, Peter
  • Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
Borel, Nicole
  • Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty University Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
Pedersen, Hanne Gervi
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Høje Taastrup, Denmark.
Christoffersen, Mette
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Høje Taastrup, Denmark.

Conflict of Interest Statement

E-MK is employed by Laboklin GmbH & Co., which is a company offering diagnostic tests. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

References

This article includes 51 references
  1. Giles RC, Donahue JM, Hong CB, Tuttle PA, Petrites-Murphy MB, Poonacha KB, Roberts AW, Tramontin RR, Smith B, Swerczek TW. Causes of abortion, stillbirth, and perinatal death in horses: 3,527 cases (1986-1991).. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1993 Oct 15;203(8):1170-5.
    pubmed: 8244867
  2. Roach JM, Foote AK, Smith KC, Verheyen KL, de Mestre AM. Incidence and causes of pregnancy loss after Day 70 of gestation in Thoroughbreds.. Equine Vet J 2021 Sep;53(5):996-1003.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.13386pubmed: 33205445google scholar: lookup
  3. Platt H. Aetiological aspects of abortion in the thoroughbred mare.. J Comp Pathol 1973 Apr;83(2):199-205.
    doi: 10.1016/0021-9975(73)90043-1pubmed: 4796892google scholar: lookup
  4. Tengelsen LA, Yamini B, Mullaney TP, Bell TG, Render JA, Patterson JS, Steficek BA, Fitzgerald SD, Kennedy FA, Slanker MR, Ramos-Vara JA. A 12-year retrospective study of equine abortion in Michigan.. J Vet Diagn Invest 1997 Jul;9(3):303-6.
    doi: 10.1177/104063879700900312pubmed: 9249170google scholar: lookup
  5. Smith KC, Blunden AS, Whitwell KE, Dunn KA, Wales AD. A survey of equine abortion, stillbirth and neonatal death in the UK from 1988 to 1997.. Equine Vet J 2003 Jul;35(5):496-501.
    doi: 10.2746/042516403775600578pubmed: 12875329google scholar: lookup
  6. Hörügel U, Pöhle D. Abortursachen bei Pferden in Sachsen von 2002-2007. Praktischer Tierarzt (2008) 89:644–7.
  7. Szeredi L, Tenk M, Jánosi S, Pálfi V, Hotzel H, Sachse K, Pospischil A, Bozsó M, Glávits R, Molnár T. A survey of equine abortion and perinatal foal losses in Hungary during a three-year period (1998-2000).. Acta Vet Hung 2008 Sep;56(3):353-67.
    doi: 10.1556/avet.56.2008.3.9pubmed: 18828487google scholar: lookup
  8. Todhunter KH, Perkins NR, Wylie RM, Chicken C, Blishen AJ, Racklyeft DJ, Muscatello G, Wilson MC, Adams PL, Gilkerson JR, Bryden WL, Begg AP. Equine amnionitis and fetal loss: the case definition for an unrecognised cause of abortion in mares.. Aust Vet J 2009 Jan-Feb;87(1):35-8.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2008.00386.xpubmed: 19178475google scholar: lookup
  9. Marenzoni ML, Lepri E, Casagrande Proietti P, Bietta A, Coletti M, Timoney PJ, Passamonti F. Causes of equine abortion, stillbirth and neonatal death in central Italy.. Vet Rec 2012 Mar 10;170(10):262.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.100551pubmed: 22368162google scholar: lookup
  10. Murase H, Miyazawa M, Harada T, Ozawa M, Sato F, Hada T. Aborted fetal sizes of Thoroughbred horses in Hidaka, Japan, between 2005 and 2015.. J Equine Sci 2017;28(2):47-53.
    doi: 10.1294/jes.28.47pmc: PMC5506449pubmed: 28721123google scholar: lookup
  11. Weber R, Hospes R, Wehrend A. [Causes of abortion in horses - overview of the literature and own evaluations].. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2018 Feb;46(1):35-42.
    doi: 10.15653/TPG-170517pubmed: 29536469google scholar: lookup
  12. Akter R, Legione A, Sansom FM, El-Hage CM, Hartley CA, Gilkerson JR, Devlin JM. Detection of Coxiella burnetii and equine herpesvirus 1, but not Leptospira spp. or Toxoplasma gondii, in cases of equine abortion in Australia - a 25 year retrospective study.. PLoS One 2020;15(5):e0233100.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233100pmc: PMC7250447pubmed: 32453753google scholar: lookup
  13. Silva AA, Villalobos EMC, Cunha EMS, Lara MCCSH, Nassar AFC, Piatti RM. Causes of equine abortion, stillbirth, and perinatal mortality in Brazil. Arq Inst Biol (2020) 87:1–9.
    doi: 10.1590/1808-1657000092020google scholar: lookup
  14. Diallo IS, Hewitson G, Wright L, Rodwell BJ, Corney BG. Detection of equine herpesvirus type 1 using a real-time polymerase chain reaction.. J Virol Methods 2006 Jan;131(1):92-8.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.07.010pubmed: 16137772google scholar: lookup
  15. Diallo IS, Hewitson G, Wright LL, Kelly MA, Rodwell BJ, Corney BG. Multiplex real-time PCR for the detection and differentiation of equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) and equid herpesvirus 4 (EHV-4).. Vet Microbiol 2007 Jul 20;123(1-3):93-103.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.02.004pubmed: 17346907google scholar: lookup
  16. Nugent J, Birch-Machin I, Smith KC, Mumford JA, Swann Z, Newton JR, Bowden RJ, Allen GP, Davis-Poynter N. Analysis of equid herpesvirus 1 strain variation reveals a point mutation of the DNA polymerase strongly associated with neuropathogenic versus nonneuropathogenic disease outbreaks.. J Virol 2006 Apr;80(8):4047-60.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.80.8.4047-4060.2006pmc: PMC1440451pubmed: 16571821google scholar: lookup
  17. Lu Z, Branscum AJ, Shuck KM, Zhang J, Dubovi EJ, Timoney PJ, Balasuriya UB. Comparison of two real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays for the detection of Equine arteritis virus nucleic acid in equine semen and tissue culture fluid.. J Vet Diagn Invest 2008 Mar;20(2):147-55.
    doi: 10.1177/104063870802000202pubmed: 18319426google scholar: lookup
  18. Stoddard RA, Gee JE, Wilkins PP, McCaustland K, Hoffmaster AR. Detection of pathogenic Leptospira spp. through TaqMan polymerase chain reaction targeting the LipL32 gene.. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2009 Jul;64(3):247-55.
    doi: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2009.03.014pubmed: 19395218google scholar: lookup
  19. Borel N, Marti H, Pospischil A, Pesch T, Prähauser B, Wunderlin S, Seth-Smith HMB, Low N, Flury R. Chlamydiae in human intestinal biopsy samples.. Pathog Dis 2018 Nov 1;76(8).
    doi: 10.1093/femspd/fty081pmc: PMC6276272pubmed: 30445531google scholar: lookup
  20. Everett KD, Bush RM, Andersen AA. Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms.. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1999 Apr;49 Pt 2:415-40.
    doi: 10.1099/00207713-49-2-415pubmed: 10319462google scholar: lookup
  21. Ehricht R, Slickers P, Goellner S, Hotzel H, Sachse K. Optimized DNA microarray assay allows detection and genotyping of single PCR-amplifiable target copies.. Mol Cell Probes 2006 Feb;20(1):60-3.
    doi: 10.1016/j.mcp.2005.09.003pubmed: 16330186google scholar: lookup
  22. Borel N, Kempf E, Hotzel H, Schubert E, Torgerson P, Slickers P, Ehricht R, Tasara T, Pospischil A, Sachse K. Direct identification of chlamydiae from clinical samples using a DNA microarray assay: a validation study.. Mol Cell Probes 2008 Feb;22(1):55-64.
    doi: 10.1016/j.mcp.2007.06.003pubmed: 17714911google scholar: lookup
  23. Prickett ME. Abortion and placental lesions in the mare.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1970 Dec 1;157(11):1465-70.
    pubmed: 4922185
  24. Stefanetti V, Beccati F, Passamonti F, Sgariglia E, Coletti M, Vuerich M, Marenzoni ML. Detection and DNA quantification of Enterococcus casseliflavus in a foal with septic meningitis.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016 Jul 1;249(1):96-100.
    doi: 10.2460/javma.249.1.96pubmed: 27308888google scholar: lookup
  25. Hidaka S, Kobayashi M, Ando K, Fujii Y. Efficacy and safety of lomefloxacin on bacterial extraocular disease in the horse.. J Vet Med Sci 2015 Jul;77(7):829-35.
    doi: 10.1292/jvms.14-0507pmc: PMC4527505pubmed: 25787926google scholar: lookup
  26. Todhunter KH, Muscatello G, Blishen AJ, Chicken C, Perkins NR, Gilkerson JR, Begg AP. Bacteria isolated from field cases of equine amnionitis and fetal loss.. Aust Vet J 2013 Apr;91(4):138-42.
    doi: 10.1111/avj.12022pubmed: 23521098google scholar: lookup
  27. Sebastian MM, Bernard WV, Riddle TW, Latimer CR, Fitzgerald TD, Harrison LR. REVIEW paper: mare reproductive loss syndrome.. Vet Pathol 2008 Sep;45(5):710-22.
    doi: 10.1354/vp.45-5-710pubmed: 18725479google scholar: lookup
  28. Todhunter KH, Cawdell-Smith AJ, Bryden WL, Perkins NR, Begg AP. Processionary caterpillar setae and equine fetal loss: 1. Histopathology of experimentally exposed pregnant mares.. Vet Pathol 2014 Nov;51(6):1117-30.
    doi: 10.1177/0300985813516639pubmed: 24379221google scholar: lookup
  29. Fibiger M, Top-Jensen M. Danske Sommerfugle. Østermarie: Bugbook Publishing (2009). p. 678.
  30. Donahue JM, Williams NM. Emergent causes of placentitis and abortion.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2000 Dec;16(3):443-56, viii.
    doi: 10.1016/S0749-0739(17)30088-3pubmed: 11219342google scholar: lookup
  31. Agerholm JS, Willadsen CM, Nielsen TK, Giese SB, Holm E, Jensen L, Agger JF. Diagnostic studies of abortion in Danish dairy herds.. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 1997 Dec;44(9-10):551-8.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.1997.tb01141.xpubmed: 9465775google scholar: lookup
  32. Wolf-Jäckel GA, Hansen MS, Larsen G, Holm E, Agerholm JS, Jensen TK. Diagnostic studies of abortion in Danish cattle 2015-2017.. Acta Vet Scand 2020 Jan 3;62(1):1.
    doi: 10.1186/s13028-019-0499-4pmc: PMC6942357pubmed: 31900210google scholar: lookup
  33. Friis NF, Jorsal SE, Sørensen V, Schirmer AL, Lindahl J, Thorup F. Enzootics of Leptospira abortions in Danish sow herds practising loose housing on deep straw bedding.. Acta Vet Scand 2000;41(4):387-90.
    doi: 10.1186/BF03549629pmc: PMC7996430pubmed: 11234972google scholar: lookup
  34. Borel N, Polkinghorne A, Pospischil A. A Review on Chlamydial Diseases in Animals: Still a Challenge for Pathologists?. Vet Pathol 2018 May;55(3):374-390.
    doi: 10.1177/0300985817751218pubmed: 29310550google scholar: lookup
  35. Baumann S, Gurtner C, Marti H, Borel N. Detection of Chlamydia species in 2 cases of equine abortion in Switzerland: a retrospective study from 2000 to 2018.. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020 Jul;32(4):542-548.
    doi: 10.1177/1040638720932906pmc: PMC7438654pubmed: 32522107google scholar: lookup
  36. Smith KC, Whitwell KE, Blunden AS, Bestbier ME, Scase TJ, Geraghty RJ, Nugent J, Davis-Poynter NJ, Cardwell JM. Equine herpesvirus-1 abortion: atypical cases with lesions largely or wholly restricted to the placenta.. Equine Vet J 2004 Jan;36(1):79-82.
    doi: 10.2746/0425164044864732pubmed: 14756377google scholar: lookup
  37. Heldens JG, Hannant D, Cullinane AA, Prendergast MJ, Mumford JA, Nelly M, Kydd JH, Weststrate MW, van den Hoven R. Clinical and virological evaluation of the efficacy of an inactivated EHV1 and EHV4 whole virus vaccine (Duvaxyn EHV1,4). Vaccination/challenge experiments in foals and pregnant mares.. Vaccine 2001 Jul 20;19(30):4307-17.
    doi: 10.1016/S0264-410X(01)00131-1pubmed: 11457558google scholar: lookup
  38. Patel JR, Bateman H, Williams J, Didlick S. Derivation and characterisation of a live equid herpes virus-1 (EHV-1) vaccine to protect against abortion and respiratory disease due to EHV-1.. Vet Microbiol 2003 Jan 2;91(1):23-39.
    doi: 10.1016/S0378-1135(02)00259-6pubmed: 12441229google scholar: lookup
  39. Gardiner DW, Lunn DP, Goehring LS, Chiang YW, Cook C, Osterrieder N, McCue P, Del Piero F, Hussey SB, Hussey GS. Strain impact on equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) abortion models: viral loads in fetal and placental tissues and foals.. Vaccine 2012 Oct 12;30(46):6564-72.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.08.046pubmed: 22944628google scholar: lookup
  40. Mumford JA, Rossdale PD, Jessett DM, Gann SJ, Ousey J, Cook RF. Serological and virological investigations of an equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) abortion storm on a stud farm in 1985.. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 1987;35:509-18.
    pubmed: 2824770
  41. Smith KC, Whitwell KE, Binns MM, Dolby CA, Hannant D, Mumford JA. Abortion of virologically negative foetuses following experimental challenge of pregnant pony mares with equid herpesvirus 1.. Equine Vet J 1992 Jul;24(4):256-9.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1992.tb02830.xpubmed: 1323457google scholar: lookup
  42. Ellis WA, Bryson DG, McFerran JB. Abortion associated with mixed Leptospira/equid herpesvirus 1 infection.. Vet Rec 1976 Mar 13;98(11):218-9.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.98.11.218pubmed: 178087google scholar: lookup
  43. Dunn KA, Smith KC, Blunden AS, Wood JL, Jagger DW. EHV-1 infection in twin equine fetuses.. Vet Rec 1993 Dec 4;133(23):580.
    pubmed: 8303812
  44. Patel JR, Heldens J. Equine herpesviruses 1 (EHV-1) and 4 (EHV-4)--epidemiology, disease and immunoprophylaxis: a brief review.. Vet J 2005 Jul;170(1):14-23.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2004.04.018pubmed: 15993786google scholar: lookup
  45. Damiani AM, de Vries M, Reimers G, Winkler S, Osterrieder N. A severe equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) abortion outbreak caused by a neuropathogenic strain at a breeding farm in northern Germany.. Vet Microbiol 2014 Aug 27;172(3-4):555-62.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.06.023pubmed: 25042527google scholar: lookup
  46. Bürki F, Rossmanith W, Nowotny N, Pallan C, Möstl K, Lussy H. Viraemia and abortions are not prevented by two commercial equine herpesvirus-1 vaccines after experimental challenge of horses.. Vet Q 1990 Apr;12(2):80-6.
    doi: 10.1080/01652176.1990.9694249pubmed: 2163560google scholar: lookup
  47. van Maanen C. Equine herpesvirus 1 and 4 infections: an update.. Vet Q 2002 Jun;24(2):58-78.
    doi: 10.1080/01652176.2002.9695126pubmed: 12095082google scholar: lookup
  48. Coignoul FL, Cheville NF. Pathology of maternal genital tract, placenta, and fetus in equine viral arteritis.. Vet Pathol 1984 May;21(3):333-40.
    doi: 10.1177/030098588402100311pubmed: 6328724google scholar: lookup
  49. Timoney PJ. Equine viral arteritis. Equine Reproduction 2nd ed. vol. 2. Hoboken, NJ: Blackwell Publishing Ltd (2011). p. 2391–8.
  50. Macpherson ML, Reimer JM. Twin reduction in the mare: current options.. Anim Reprod Sci 2000 Jul 2;60-61:233-44.
    doi: 10.1016/S0378-4320(00)00112-3pubmed: 10844198google scholar: lookup
  51. Jeffcott LB, Whitwell KE. Twinning as a cause of foetal and neonatal loss in the thoroughbred mare.. J Comp Pathol 1973 Jan;83(1):91-106.
    doi: 10.1016/0021-9975(73)90032-7pubmed: 4731313google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 9 times.
  1. Ricard RM, Burton J, Chow-Lockerbie B, Wobeser B. Detection of Chlamydia abortus in aborted chorioallantoises of horses from Western Canada. J Vet Diagn Invest 2023 Jul;35(4):359-365.
    doi: 10.1177/10406387231171844pubmed: 37129380google scholar: lookup
  2. Cantón GJ, Navarro MA, Asin J, Chu P, Henderson EE, Mete A, Uzal FA. Equine abortion and stillbirth in California: a review of 1,774 cases received at a diagnostic laboratory, 1990-2022. J Vet Diagn Invest 2023 Mar;35(2):153-162.
    doi: 10.1177/10406387231152788pubmed: 36744759google scholar: lookup
  3. Barrantes Murillo DF, Camillo G, Souza Serrano B, Almeida Luciano LP, Castilho Bichara GV, Chaves Vás CA, Furlan Gouvêa FH, Brandini Nespoli PE, Dos Santos Ferraz RH, Argenta Pescador C. Cryptophthalmia, microphthalmia, oronasal malformation, and hydrocephalus in an aborted equine fetus with umbilical torsion in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Vet Res Commun 2026 Feb 28;50(3).
    doi: 10.1007/s11259-025-11060-9pubmed: 41762325google scholar: lookup
  4. Scoggin KE, Rakha SI, Abdellatif AM, Adlan F, Helmy YA, Ruby R, Ball B, Boakari Y, Ali HE. Activation of the S100A8/A9 Alarmin Amplifies Inflammatory Pathways in Equine Ascending Placentitis. Int J Mol Sci 2026 Feb 4;27(3).
    doi: 10.3390/ijms27031550pubmed: 41683969google scholar: lookup
  5. De Luca E, Del Piero F. Animal Tissue Mineralization: An Overview of Disease Processes, Comparative Pathology, and Diagnostic Approaches. Biomolecules 2026 Jan 7;16(1).
    doi: 10.3390/biom16010096pubmed: 41594636google scholar: lookup
  6. Kambayashi Y, Bannai H, Nemoto M, Kawanishi N, Niwa H, Tsujimura K. Comparative analysis of 3 qPCR primer-probe sets for the detection of equid alphaherpesvirus 1. J Vet Diagn Invest 2026 Jan;38(1):77-83.
    doi: 10.1177/10406387251379857pubmed: 41055561google scholar: lookup
  7. Mukhanbetkaliyev Y, Yessembekova G, Mukhanbetkaliyeva A, Akmambayeva B, Kadyrov A, Uskenov R, Bostanova S, Ashirbek A, Korennoy F, Abdrakhmanov S. Spatial Modeling of Equine Herpesviruses 1 (EHVs-1) Risks in Kazakhstan Using 2017-2024 Surveillance Data. Transbound Emerg Dis 2025;2025:5536099.
    doi: 10.1155/tbed/5536099pubmed: 40894192google scholar: lookup
  8. Li L, Li S, Ma H, Akhtar MF, Tan Y, Wang T, Liu W, Khan A, Khan MZ, Wang C. An Overview of Infectious and Non-Infectious Causes of Pregnancy Losses in Equine. Animals (Basel) 2024 Jul 2;14(13).
    doi: 10.3390/ani14131961pubmed: 38998073google scholar: lookup
  9. Zečević I, Picardeau M, Vince S, Hađina S, Perharić M, Štritof Z, Stevanović V, Benvin I, Turk N, Lohman Janković I, Habuš J. Association between Exposure to Leptospira spp. and Abortion in Mares in Croatia. Microorganisms 2024 May 21;12(6).
    doi: 10.3390/microorganisms12061039pubmed: 38930421google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,658 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.