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Home / Equine Research Bank / Animals (Basel) / A Feasibility Study to Determine Whether Neuromuscular Adapt...
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2025; 15(21); 3189; doi: 10.3390/ani15213189

A Feasibility Study to Determine Whether Neuromuscular Adaptations to Equine Water Treadmill Exercise Can Be Detected Using Synchronous Surface Electromyography and Kinematic Data.

Abstract: Despite growing evidence on the adaptive movement patterns that horses adopt during water treadmill (WT) exercise, underlying adaptations in muscle activity remain uninvestigated. This feasibility study aimed to develop a method for the synchronous measurement of muscle activity and movement of horses during WT exercise. Combined surface electromyography (sEMG) (2000 Hz) from selected hindlimb (biceps femoris, gluteus medius, tensor fasciae latae) and epaxial (longissimus dorsi) muscles, and three-dimensional kinematic (200 Hz) data from the back and pelvis of one (n = 1) horse were collected during overground (OG), dry treadmill (TM), and WT walking conditions. Statistical parametric mapping evaluated differences in time- and amplitude-normalised sEMG and thoracolumbar and pelvis kinematic waveforms between conditions. Distinct, significant ( < 0.05) adaptations in hindlimb and epaxial muscle activation patterns and axial and pelvic kinematics, were observed in this horse across exercise conditions. Adaptive muscle activity was most pronounced in this horse during WT, compared to OG walking. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of this method, which combines sEMG and motion capture technologies to synchronously quantify equine movement and muscle activation patterns during WT exercise. This justifies the replication of this work in a larger sample of horses to inform evidence-based training and rehabilitation programmes.
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Publication Date: 2025-11-01 PubMed ID: 41227519PubMed Central: PMC12606775DOI: 10.3390/ani15213189Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Overview

  • This study developed and tested a method to measure muscle activity and movement simultaneously in horses during water treadmill exercise.
  • The goal was to determine whether neuromuscular adaptations occur during water treadmill use and if they can be detected through combined electromyography and motion analysis.

Introduction and Purpose

  • Water treadmill (WT) exercise is increasingly used in equine training and rehabilitation due to its beneficial effects on movement patterns.
  • While changes in horse movement during WT have been documented, the corresponding muscle activity adaptations have not yet been thoroughly investigated.
  • The research aimed to establish a feasible approach to simultaneously record muscle electrical activity (via surface electromyography or sEMG) and three-dimensional body movement (kinematics) during different walking conditions including WT.

Methodology

  • Subjects and Setup:
    • Measurements were taken from a single horse (n=1).
    • Muscle groups monitored included key hindlimb muscles (biceps femoris, gluteus medius, tensor fasciae latae) and an epaxial muscle (longissimus dorsi) important for back movement.
  • Data Acquisition:
    • sEMG data were collected at a high sampling rate of 2000 Hz to detect subtle muscle activity changes.
    • Kinematic data from the back and pelvis were recorded using motion capture at 200 Hz to measure three-dimensional movements.
  • Walking Conditions:
    • Overground walking (OG): typical walking on solid ground.
    • Dry treadmill walking (TM): walking on a treadmill without water.
    • Water treadmill walking (WT): treadmill walking with water immersion.
  • Data Analysis:
    • Statistical parametric mapping was used to compare time- and amplitude-normalized muscle activation (sEMG) and movement waveforms between conditions.
    • Differences were tested for statistical significance at p < 0.05.

Results

  • Significant and distinct neuromuscular adaptations were observed across the different walking conditions, especially during WT exercise.
  • Muscle activation patterns in the hindlimb and epaxial muscles showed unique changes during water treadmill walking compared to overground walking.
  • Axial (thoracolumbar) and pelvic kinematics also adapted significantly during WT, indicating altered movement mechanics.
  • These findings confirm that synchronous collection of sEMG and kinematic data can detect neuromuscular changes in horses during WT exercise.

Conclusions and Implications

  • The study successfully demonstrated the feasibility of combining surface electromyography and motion capture technologies to analyze equine neuromuscular behavior during water treadmill exercise.
  • Detecting muscle and movement adaptations during WT supports understanding of the biomechanical and rehabilitative effects of immersion exercises in horses.
  • This pilot work justifies further investigation using larger cohorts of horses to generalize findings.
  • Future research can leverage this method to guide evidence-based training and rehabilitation programs for improving equine health and performance.

Cite This Article

APA
St George L, Nankervis K, Walker V, Maddock C, Robinson A, Sinclair J, Hobbs SJ. (2025). A Feasibility Study to Determine Whether Neuromuscular Adaptations to Equine Water Treadmill Exercise Can Be Detected Using Synchronous Surface Electromyography and Kinematic Data. Animals (Basel), 15(21), 3189. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15213189

Publication

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 15
Issue: 21
PII: 3189

Researcher Affiliations

St George, Lindsay
  • Research Centre for Applied Sport, Physical Activity and Performance, University of Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK.
Nankervis, Kathryn
  • Equine Department, Hartpury University, Gloucester GL19 3BE, UK.
Walker, Victoria
  • Equine Department, Hartpury University, Gloucester GL19 3BE, UK.
Maddock, Christy
  • Equine Department, Hartpury University, Gloucester GL19 3BE, UK.
Robinson, Amy
  • Delsys Europe, Sale, Greater Manchester M33 2DH, UK.
Sinclair, Jonathan
  • Research Centre for Applied Sport, Physical Activity and Performance, University of Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK.
Hobbs, Sarah Jane
  • Research Centre for Applied Sport, Physical Activity and Performance, University of Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK.

Conflict of Interest Statement

Dr. Amy Robinson is employed by Delsys Europe, the company that manufactures the sEMG sensors employed in this study. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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