A new modified live equine influenza virus vaccine: phenotypic stability, restricted spread and efficacy against heterologous virus challenge.
Abstract: Flu Avert IN vaccine is a new, live attenuated virus vaccine for equine influenza. We tested this vaccine in vivo to ascertain 1) its safety and stability when subjected to serial horse to horse passage, 2) whether it spread spontaneously from horse to horse and 3) its ability to protect against heterologous equine influenza challenge viruses of epidemiological relevance. For the stability study, the vaccine was administered to 5 ponies. Nasal swabs were collected and pooled fluids administered directly to 4 successive groups of naïve ponies by intranasal inoculation. Viruses isolated from the last group retained the vaccine's full attenuation phenotype, with no reversion to the wild-type virus phenotype or production of clinical influenza disease. The vaccine virus spread spontaneously to only 1 of 13 nonvaccinated horses/ponies when these were comingled with 39 vaccinates in the same field. For the heterologous protection study, a challenge model system was utilised in which vaccinated or naïve control horses and ponies were exposed to the challenge virus by inhalation of virus-containing aerosols. Challenge viruses included influenza A/equine-2/Kentucky/98, a recent representative of the 'American' lineage of equine-2 influenza viruses; and A/equine-2/Saskatoon/90, representative of the 'Eurasian' lineage. Clinical signs among challenged animals were recorded daily using a standardised scoring protocol. With both challenge viruses, control animals reliably contracted clinical signs of influenza, whereas vaccinated animals were reliably protected from clinical disease. These results demonstrate that Flu Avert IN vaccine is safe and phenotypically stable, has low spontaneous transmissibility and is effective in protecting horses against challenge viruses representative of those in circulation worldwide.
Publication Date: 2002-01-05 PubMed ID: 11770982DOI: 10.2746/042516401776249291Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
- Journal Article
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
Summary
This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.
This research centered on the testing of the Flu Avert IN vaccine, a new live attenuated virus vaccine designed to protect horses from equine influenza. Findings suggested that the vaccine was safe and stable in horses, did not readily spread between horses, and effectively protected against various strains of equine influenza.
Methodology and Approach
- The study was structured in three distinct parts, focusing on the safety and stability of the vaccine, its rate of spread, and its protective efficacy against different influenza strains.
- The stability of the vaccine was tested by inoculating 5 ponies and monitoring for any changes in the vaccination’s properties or any signs of reversion to the wild-type virus.
- The spread of the vaccine was studied by placing non-vaccinated horses and vaccinated ones together and monitoring the non-vaccinated horses for any signs of spontaneous vaccination transmission.
- The effectiveness of the vaccine was tested by exposure to aerosols containing different strains of equine influenza viruses. Daily records of clinical signs among the animals in the study were kept, comparing vaccinated and control animals.
Key Findings
- The vaccine showed stability when inoculated in horses. The vaccine maintained its full attenuation phenotype, and there was no evidence of reversion to the wild-type virus.
- The spread of the vaccine was found to be low. Only one unvaccinated horse/pony out of 13 contracted the vaccine spontaneously when kept together with vaccinated horses/ponies.
- The vaccine effectively protected against both “American” and “Eurasian” lineage of equine-2 influenza viruses. Vaccinated animals were reliably protected from clinical disease, unlike the unvaccinated controls.
Implications
- The results of this study provide evidence that the Flu Avert IN vaccine is both safe and stable in horses.
- The findings show that the vaccine has a low chance of spreading spontaneously from vaccinated to non-vaccinated horses.
- Importantly, the research demonstrates that the vaccine effectively protects against equine influenza, including different strains of the virus globally.
- This suggests the Flu Avert IN vaccine could be a useful tool in controlling and preventing equine influenza worldwide.
Cite This Article
APA
Chambers TM, Holland RE, Tudor LR, Townsend HG, Cook A, Bogdan J, Lunn DP, Hussey S, Whitaker-Dowling P, Youngner JS, Sebring RW, Penner SJ, Stiegler GL.
(2002).
A new modified live equine influenza virus vaccine: phenotypic stability, restricted spread and efficacy against heterologous virus challenge.
Equine Vet J, 33(7), 630-636.
https://doi.org/10.2746/042516401776249291 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40546-0099, USA.
MeSH Terms
- Administration, Intranasal
- Animals
- Female
- Horse Diseases / prevention & control
- Horse Diseases / transmission
- Horses
- Influenza A virus / immunology
- Influenza Vaccines / administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines / immunology
- Influenza Vaccines / standards
- Male
- Nebulizers and Vaporizers / veterinary
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections / prevention & control
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections / transmission
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections / veterinary
- Phenotype
- Safety
- Serial Passage
- Time Factors
- Treatment Outcome
- Vaccination / veterinary
- Vaccines, Attenuated / administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Attenuated / immunology
- Vaccines, Attenuated / standards
- Virus Shedding
Citations
This article has been cited 17 times.- Whitlock F, Murcia PR, Newton JR. A Review on Equine Influenza from a Human Influenza Perspective.. Viruses 2022 Jun 15;14(6).
- Oladunni FS, Oseni SO, Martinez-Sobrido L, Chambers TM. Equine Influenza Virus and Vaccines.. Viruses 2021 Aug 20;13(8).
- Zarski LM, Vaala WE, Barnett DC, Bain FT, Soboll Hussey G. A Live-Attenuated Equine Influenza Vaccine Stimulates Innate Immunity in Equine Respiratory Epithelial Cell Cultures That Could Provide Protection From Equine Herpesvirus 1.. Front Vet Sci 2021;8:674850.
- Pavulraj S, Bergmann T, Trombetta CM, Marchi S, Montomoli E, Alami SSE, Ragni-Alunni R, Osterrieder N, Azab W. Immunogenicity of Calvenza-03 EIV/EHV(®) Vaccine in Horses: Comparative In Vivo Study.. Vaccines (Basel) 2021 Feb 17;9(2).
- Blanco-Lobo P, Rodriguez L, Reedy S, Oladunni FS, Nogales A, Murcia PR, Chambers TM, Martinez-Sobrido L. A Bivalent Live-Attenuated Vaccine for the Prevention of Equine Influenza Virus.. Viruses 2019 Oct 11;11(10).
- Martínez-Sobrido L, Peersen O, Nogales A. Temperature Sensitive Mutations in Influenza A Viral Ribonucleoprotein Complex Responsible for the Attenuation of the Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine.. Viruses 2018 Oct 15;10(10).
- Singh RK, Dhama K, Karthik K, Khandia R, Munjal A, Khurana SK, Chakraborty S, Malik YS, Virmani N, Singh R, Tripathi BN, Munir M, van der Kolk JH. A Comprehensive Review on Equine Influenza Virus: Etiology, Epidemiology, Pathobiology, Advances in Developing Diagnostics, Vaccines, and Control Strategies.. Front Microbiol 2018;9:1941.
- Rodriguez L, Reedy S, Nogales A, Murcia PR, Chambers TM, Martinez-Sobrido L. Development of a novel equine influenza virus live-attenuated vaccine.. Virology 2018 Mar;516:76-85.
- Na W, Yeom M, Yuk H, Moon H, Kang B, Song D. Influenza virus vaccine for neglected hosts: horses and dogs.. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2016 Jul;5(2):117-24.
- Paillot R. A Systematic Review of Recent Advances in Equine Influenza Vaccination.. Vaccines (Basel) 2014 Nov 14;2(4):797-831.
- Ozawa M, Kawaoka Y. Cross talk between animal and human influenza viruses.. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2013 Jan;1:21-42.
- Chambers TM, Balasuriya UB, Reedy SE, Tiwari A. Replication of avian influenza viruses in equine tracheal epithelium but not in horses.. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2013 Dec;7 Suppl 4(Suppl 4):90-3.
- Ault A, Zajac AM, Kong WP, Gorres JP, Royals M, Wei CJ, Bao S, Yang ZY, Reedy SE, Sturgill TL, Page AE, Donofrio-Newman J, Adams AA, Balasuriya UB, Horohov DW, Chambers TM, Nabel GJ, Rao SS. Immunogenicity and clinical protection against equine influenza by DNA vaccination of ponies.. Vaccine 2012 Jun 6;30(26):3965-74.
- Lin C, Holland RE Jr, McCoy MH, Donofrio-Newman J, Vickers ML, Chambers TM. Infectivity of equine H3N8 influenza virus in bovine cells and calves.. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2010 Nov;4(6):357-61.
- Pena L, Vincent AL, Ye J, Ciacci-Zanella JR, Angel M, Lorusso A, Gauger PC, Janke BH, Loving CL, Perez DR. Modifications in the polymerase genes of a swine-like triple-reassortant influenza virus to generate live attenuated vaccines against 2009 pandemic H1N1 viruses.. J Virol 2011 Jan;85(1):456-69.
- Chambers TM, Quinlivan M, Sturgill T, Cullinane A, Horohov DW, Zamarin D, Arkins S, García-Sastre A, Palese P. Influenza A viruses with truncated NS1 as modified live virus vaccines: pilot studies of safety and efficacy in horses.. Equine Vet J 2009 Jan;41(1):87-92.
- Vincent AL, Ma W, Lager KM, Janke BH, Webby RJ, García-Sastre A, Richt JA. Efficacy of intranasal administration of a truncated NS1 modified live influenza virus vaccine in swine.. Vaccine 2007 Nov 19;25(47):7999-8009.
Use Nutrition Calculator
Check if your horse's diet meets their nutrition requirements with our easy-to-use tool Check your horse's diet with our easy-to-use tool
Talk to a Nutritionist
Discuss your horse's feeding plan with our experts over a free phone consultation Discuss your horse's diet over a phone consultation
Submit Diet Evaluation
Get a customized feeding plan for your horse formulated by our equine nutritionists Get a custom feeding plan formulated by our nutritionists
