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Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2025; 15(20); 3045; doi: 10.3390/ani15203045

A Scoping Review of Antimicrobial Therapy in Leptospira Infections in Domestic Animals.

Abstract: Leptospirosis, caused by spp., affects multiple domestic species and can result in significant economic and public health impacts. This scoping review, conducted following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, searched PubMed, SciELO, and Scopus for original studies that described complete therapeutic protocols (including dose, duration, and confirmed diagnosis) in dogs, cats, cattle, pigs, horses, sheep, and goats. Thirty-five studies met the criteria: 14 (40%) in cattle, 7 (20%) in swine, 2 (5.7%) in small ruminants, 7 (20%) in dogs and cats, and 5 (14.3%) in horses. In livestock, streptomycin monotherapy has predominated, demonstrating high efficacy against renal and genital carriers, but it faces regulatory restrictions in several countries. In companion animals, treatment often addressed acute cases using doxycycline and aminopenicillins, with frequent drug combinations. Horses were mainly treated with penicillin, alone or associated with other agents. Across species, protocols showed substantial heterogeneity, lack of harmonization, and limited evaluation of bacteriological cure, with most studies published before 2000. This scarcity of recent clinical trials reinforces the neglected status of animal leptospirosis. By compiling fragmented evidence, this review identifies converging practices that may serve as a preliminary consensus, highlights discrepancies and knowledge gaps, and provides an evidence-based framework to support the development of standardized, species-specific guidelines urgently needed in a One Health context.
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Publication Date: 2025-10-20 PubMed ID: 41153972PubMed Central: PMC12561877DOI: 10.3390/ani15203045Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Overview

  • This review summarizes existing research on antimicrobial treatments for leptospirosis across various domestic animal species, highlighting common practices, knowledge gaps, and the need for standardized treatment guidelines.

Introduction to Leptospirosis and Its Impact

  • Leptospirosis is an infectious disease caused by Leptospira bacteria affecting multiple domestic animals such as cattle, swine, horses, dogs, cats, sheep, and goats.
  • The disease has significant economic consequences due to impacts on livestock productivity and also poses a public health risk as it can be transmitted to humans (zoonotic potential).
  • Effective antimicrobial treatment in animals is critical for controlling infection and preventing transmission.

Scope and Methodology of the Review

  • Type of study: Scoping review carried out according to PRISMA 2020 guidelines.
  • Data sources: The review searched PubMed, SciELO, and Scopus databases focusing on original studies detailing complete therapeutic protocols.
  • Inclusion criteria: Studies that reported antibiotic dosage, treatment duration, and confirmed diagnosis of leptospirosis in the target domestic species.
  • Number of studies included: 35.
  • Species distribution of studies:
    • Cattle: 14 studies (40%)
    • Swine: 7 studies (20%)
    • Small ruminants (sheep/goats): 2 studies (5.7%)
    • Dogs and cats: 7 studies (20%)
    • Horses: 5 studies (14.3%)

Findings on Antimicrobial Treatments by Species

  • Livestock (Cattle, Swine, Small Ruminants):
    • Streptomycin monotherapy is the predominant antimicrobial used.
    • It shows high effectiveness, particularly in clearing renal and genital carrier states of Leptospira.
    • However, streptomycin use faces regulatory restrictions in some countries, limiting its availability or use.
  • Companion Animals (Dogs and Cats):
    • Treatment usually targets acute leptospirosis cases.
    • Doxycycline and aminopenicillins are commonly used drugs, often in combination.
    • Use of combined drug therapies is frequent but protocols vary widely.
  • Horses:
    • Treated mainly with penicillin, either alone or combined with other antimicrobials.
    • Details on specific regimens tend to be less consistent compared with other species.

Challenges and Gaps Identified

  • Marked heterogeneity and lack of consistency across treatment protocols in terms of drug choice, dosages, and durations.
  • Limited harmonization of therapeutic approaches between countries and species.
  • Scarce evaluation of bacteriological cure in the reported studies, leaving uncertainty about treatment efficacy in eliminating the organism entirely.
  • Most research articles and clinical trials are dated, with a majority published before the year 2000, indicating a lack of recent updated evidence.
  • This scarcity reinforces the neglected status of animal leptospirosis within veterinary medicine and research.

Contributions and Implications of the Review

  • This review compiles fragmented and dispersed evidence to offer a clearer picture of current antimicrobial practices for animal leptospirosis.
  • Identifies converging therapeutic practices that may serve as a foundation for developing preliminary consensus treatment guidelines.
  • Highlights key inconsistencies and areas requiring further research, particularly regarding standardized treatment protocols and bacteriological outcomes.
  • Provides an evidence-based framework to support the urgent development of species-specific antimicrobial guidelines aligned with One Health principles, emphasizing integrated human, animal, and environmental health considerations.

Cite This Article

APA
Mendes J, Aymée L, Lilenbaum W. (2025). A Scoping Review of Antimicrobial Therapy in Leptospira Infections in Domestic Animals. Animals (Basel), 15(20), 3045. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15203045

Publication

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 15
Issue: 20
PII: 3045

Researcher Affiliations

Mendes, Julia
  • Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Biomedical Institute of Fluminense Federal University, Niterói 24210-030, RJ, Brazil.
Aymée, Luiza
  • Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Biomedical Institute of Fluminense Federal University, Niterói 24210-030, RJ, Brazil.
Lilenbaum, Walter
  • Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Biomedical Institute of Fluminense Federal University, Niterói 24210-030, RJ, Brazil.

Grant Funding

  • 260003/001162/2020 / Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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