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PeerJ2020; 8; e9022; doi: 10.7717/peerj.9022

A scoping review of determinants of performance in dressage.

Abstract: As a first step in achieving an evidence-based classification system for the sport of Para Dressage, there is a clear need to define elite dressage performance. Previous studies have attempted to quantify performance with able-bodied riders using scientific methods; however, definitive measures have yet to be established for the horse and/or the rider. This may be, in part, due to the variety of movements and gaits that are found within a dressage test and also due to the complexity of the horse-rider partnership. The aim of this review is therefore to identify objective measurements of horse performance in dressage and the functional abilities of the rider that may influence them to achieve higher scores. Five databases (SportDiscuss, CINAHL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, VetMed) were systematically searched from 1980 to May 2018. Studies were included if they fulfilled the following criteria: (1) English language; (2) employ objective, quantitative outcome measures for describing equine and human performance in dressage; (3) describe objective measures of superior horse performance using between-subject comparisons and/or relating outcome measures to competitive scoring methods; (4) describe demands of dressage using objective physiological and/or biomechanical measures from human athletes and/or how these demands are translated into superior performance. In total, 773 articles were identified. Title and abstract screening resulted in 155 articles that met the eligibility criteria, 97 were excluded during the full screening of articles, leaving 58 included articles (14 horse, 44 rider) involving 311 equine and 584 able-bodied human participants. Mean ± sd (%) quality scores were 63.5 ± 15.3 and 72.7 ± 14.7 for the equine and human articles respectively. Significant objective measures of horse performance (n = 12 articles) were grouped into themes and separated by gait/movement. A range of temporal variables that indicated superior performance were found in all gaits/movements. For the rider, n = 5 articles reported variables that identified significant differences in skill level, which included the postural position and ROM of the rider's pelvis, trunk, knee and head. The timing of rider pelvic and trunk motion in relation to the movement of the horse emerged as an important indicator of rider influence. As temporal variables in the horse are consistently linked to superior performance it could be surmised that better overall dressage performance requires minimal disruption from the rider whilst the horse maintains a specific gait/movement. Achieving the gait/movement in the first place depends upon the intrinsic characteristics of the horse, the level of training achieved and the ability of the rider to apply the correct aid. The information from this model will be used to develop an empirical study to test the relative strength of association between impairment and performance in able-bodied and Para Dressage riders.
©2020 Hobbs et al.
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Publication Date: 2020-04-24 PubMed ID: 32355578PubMed Central: PMC7185025DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9022Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article
  • Scoping Review

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article is about a review carried out to identify objective measurements that define superior performance in dressage riding, considering both the performance of the horse and the rider. The study would then inform creation of an evidence-based system for Para Dressage.

Research Objective

  • The primary goal of this research is to define elite dressage performance to create an evidence-based classification system for the sport of Para Dressage. This would aid the clear understanding and fair competition within this discipline.

Review Process

  • The researchers conducted a systematic review of five databases (SportDiscuss, CINAHL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, VetMed) from 1980 to May 2018.
  • The articles had to meet specific criteria to be considered for the study. Among these are requirements to be in English, use quantitative outcome measures for describing performance, describe superior horse performance measures and describe the demands of dressage using objective physiological or biomechanical measures.
  • Out of 773 articles, only 58 met the eligibility criteria and were considered for the review. These 58 articles covered studies that involved 311 horses and 584 able-bodied human participants.

Findings

  • The study found significant objective measures of horse performance that were grouped into themes and separated by gait/movement. A range of temporal variables that indicated superior performance were found in all gaits/movements.
  • For the rider, certain variables, such as the postural position and range of motion of the rider’s pelvis, trunk, knee, and head, were found to have significant differences in skill level. The timing of rider pelvic and trunk motion in relation to the horse’s movement was also identified as an essential indicator of rider influence.
  • These findings suggest that for superior dressage performance, minimal disruption from the rider is required as the horse maintains a specific gait/movement. This, in turn, depends on the horse’s intrinsic characteristics, the level of training, and the rider’s ability to apply the correct aid.

Research Application

  • The gathered information will serve as a reference for an empirical study aiming to test the strength of association between impairment and performance in both able-bodied and Para Dressage riders.

Cite This Article

APA
Hobbs SJ, St George L, Reed J, Stockley R, Thetford C, Sinclair J, Williams J, Nankervis K, Clayton HM. (2020). A scoping review of determinants of performance in dressage. PeerJ, 8, e9022. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9022

Publication

PeerJ
ISSN: 2167-8359
NlmUniqueID: 101603425
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 8
Pages: e9022

Researcher Affiliations

Hobbs, Sarah Jane
  • University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom.
St George, Lindsay
  • University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom.
Reed, Janet
  • University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom.
Stockley, Rachel
  • University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom.
Thetford, Clare
  • University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom.
Sinclair, Jonathan
  • University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom.
Williams, Jane
  • Hartpury University, Gloucester, United Kingdom.
Nankervis, Kathryn
  • Hartpury University, Gloucester, United Kingdom.
Clayton, Hilary M
  • Sport Horse Science, Mason, MI, United States of America.

Conflict of Interest Statement

Hilary M. Clayton is the CEO of Sport Horse Science.

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Citations

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