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Viruses2023; 15(10); 2048; doi: 10.3390/v15102048

A Survey of Henipavirus Tropism-Our Current Understanding from a Species/Organ and Cellular Level.

Abstract: Henipaviruses are single-stranded RNA viruses that have been shown to be virulent in several species, including humans, pigs, horses, and rodents. Isolated nearly 30 years ago, these viruses have been shown to be of particular concern to public health, as at least two members (Nipah and Hendra viruses) are highly virulent, as well as zoonotic, and are thus classified as BSL4 pathogens. Although only 5 members of this genus have been isolated and characterized, metagenomics analysis using animal fluids and tissues has demonstrated the existence of other novel henipaviruses, suggesting a far greater degree of phylogenetic diversity than is currently known. Using a variety of molecular biology techniques, it has been shown that these viruses exhibit varying degrees of tropism on a species, organ/tissue, and cellular level. This review will attempt to provide a general overview of our current understanding of henipaviruses, with a particular emphasis on viral tropism.
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Publication Date: 2023-10-04 PubMed ID: 37896825PubMed Central: PMC10611353DOI: 10.3390/v15102048Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article
  • Review

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Overview

  • This research article reviews the current understanding of henipaviruses, focusing on the preference of these viruses for infecting specific species, organs, and cell types (viral tropism).
  • Henipaviruses are dangerous RNA viruses that infect multiple species and have significant public health implications due to their virulence and zoonotic potential.

Introduction to Henipaviruses

  • Henipaviruses are a group of single-stranded RNA viruses first isolated approximately 30 years ago.
  • They are known to infect various mammals, including humans, pigs, horses, and rodents.
  • Two well-known members, Nipah virus and Hendra virus, are highly virulent and zoonotic, meaning they can spread from animals to humans.
  • Due to their potential to cause severe disease and outbreaks, these viruses are classified as BSL4 (Biosafety Level 4) pathogens, the highest level of biocontainment.
  • Currently, only five henipavirus members have been isolated and fully characterized.
  • Metagenomic studies analyzing animal fluids and tissues have identified additional novel henipaviruses, indicating greater diversity within this genus than previously known.

Viral Tropism of Henipaviruses

  • Definition: Viral tropism refers to the specificity of a virus for particular host species, organs, tissues, or cell types.
  • Henipaviruses exhibit different degrees of tropism, meaning their ability to infect varies across species, organs, and cells.
  • This variability influences the pathogenicity, transmission dynamics, and the clinical outcomes of infections by different henipaviruses.

Species-Level Tropism

  • Henipaviruses have been documented to infect a range of species beyond their natural reservoir hosts.
  • Natural reservoirs include fruit bats, which harbor the virus without severe disease symptoms.
  • Spillover events can infect secondary species such as pigs, horses, and humans, often leading to severe illness.
  • Differences in species susceptibility are thought to be influenced by host receptor availability for viral entry and immune system factors.

Organ and Tissue Tropism

  • Within infected species, henipaviruses demonstrate preference for certain organs and tissues.
  • Commonly targeted organs include the respiratory tract, central nervous system, and vascular endothelium.
  • This organ-specific infection pattern contributes to the clinical symptoms seen in infected hosts, such as encephalitis and respiratory distress.
  • Understanding organ tropism is critical for diagnosing infection and developing targeted therapies.

Cellular Tropism

  • At the cellular level, henipaviruses infect certain cell types based on receptor expression.
  • For example, ephrin-B2 and ephrin-B3 proteins act as entry receptors for some henipaviruses.
  • Cells expressing these receptors, including endothelial cells, neurons, and epithelial cells, are more susceptible to infection.
  • Cellular tropism impacts viral replication efficiency, immune evasion, and tissue damage.

Molecular Biology Techniques Used

  • Studies employ a range of molecular biology methods to uncover tropism patterns, including:
    • Genome sequencing and metagenomics to identify viral presence and diversity.
    • Cell culture experiments to assess viral infectivity in various cell types.
    • Receptor-binding assays to determine viral entry mechanisms.
    • Histopathological analyses to detect virus localization in tissues and organs.

Implications and Importance

  • Understanding henipavirus tropism informs public health strategies to control zoonotic spillover and outbreaks.
  • Knowledge of species and tissue tropism guides surveillance programs in animals and humans.
  • Insights into cellular entry and replication pathways support the development of antiviral drugs and vaccines.
  • The discovery of novel henipaviruses expands the scope of research required to anticipate future threats.

Summary

  • This review consolidates current knowledge on henipavirus infection patterns across species, organs, and cell types.
  • It underscores the complexity and diversity of these viruses, highlighting the need for continued research using advanced molecular techniques.
  • Ultimately, such understanding is crucial to mitigating the impact of these dangerous pathogens on both animal and human health.

Cite This Article

APA
Diederich S, Babiuk S, Boshra H. (2023). A Survey of Henipavirus Tropism-Our Current Understanding from a Species/Organ and Cellular Level. Viruses, 15(10), 2048. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15102048

Publication

Viruses
ISSN: 1999-4915
NlmUniqueID: 101509722
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 15
Issue: 10
PII: 2048

Researcher Affiliations

Diederich, Sandra
  • Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald, Germany.
Babiuk, Shawn
  • Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E EM4, Canada.
Boshra, Hani
  • Global Urgent and Advanced Research and Development (GUARD), 911 rue Principale, Batiscan, QC G0X 1A0, Canada.

MeSH Terms

  • Humans
  • Animals
  • Horses
  • Swine
  • Henipavirus Infections
  • Phylogeny
  • Hendra Virus
  • Viral Tropism
  • Tropism
  • Nipah Virus

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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