FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Viruses / A Survey on West Nile and Usutu Viruses in Horses and Birds ...
Viruses2018; 10(2); 87; doi: 10.3390/v10020087

A Survey on West Nile and Usutu Viruses in Horses and Birds in Poland.

Abstract: West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV) are members of the family Flaviviridae which, natural life cycles involve mosquito-bird-mosquito transmission. Both represent emerging viruses in Europe with potential to cause neuroinvasive disease in humans. This study investigates the seroprevalence of serum neutralizing antibodies to WNV and to USUV in birds and in horses in Poland. Antibodies against WNV and USUV were detected in 5 (35.7%) and in 1 (7.14%) of 14 birds and in 62 (15.08%) and in 115 (27.98%) of 411 horses, respectively. Twenty-one WNV serologically positive horses (33.87%) and 67 USUV serologically positive horses (58.26%) did not travel outside Polish borders. Given the high abundance of potentially competent mosquito species in Poland, high populations of horses and different bird species, our findings highlight implementation of active control programs, including monitoring of geographic spread and dynamics of WNV and USUV transmission in both primary and accidental hosts. It is also important to improve public health awareness about the disease these viruses may cause.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2018-02-17 PubMed ID: 29462983PubMed Central: PMC5850394DOI: 10.3390/v10020087Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article is a study on the prevalence of West Nile Virus (WNV) and Usutu Virus (USUV) in horses and birds in Poland, highlighting the need for active monitoring and control programs due to the high populations of potential hosts and mosquitoes, and raising public health awareness about the diseases these viruses can cause.

Introduction: West Nile and Usutu Virus

  • West Nile Virus (WNV) and Usutu Virus (USUV) belong to the family Flaviviridae.
  • These viruses have natural life cycles involving transmission from mosquito to bird and back to mosquito.
  • Both viruses have emerged as health issues in Europe with the potential to cause neuroinvasive disease in humans.

Method and Findings: The Study on Seroprevalence

  • The study investigates the seroprevalence, meaning the level of a pathogen in a population, as measured in blood serum, of these viruses in birds and horses in Poland.
  • Serum neutralizing antibodies to WNV and USUV were detected in a number of the animals tested – 5 out of 14 birds and 62 out of 411 horses for WNV, and 1 out of 14 birds and 115 out of 411 horses for USUV.
  • Significantly, a number of animals that tested positive, 21 horses for WNV and 67 horses for USUV, had not travelled outside of Poland, suggesting local transmission of these viruses.

Implications and Recommendations: Importance of Control Programs and Public Health Awareness

  • Given the abundance of mosquito species potentially capable of transmitting these viruses in Poland, along with high populations of horses and different bird species, these findings highlight the need for control programs.
  • Such programs should include monitoring of the geographic spread and dynamics of WNV and USUV transmission in both primary hosts (birds) and accidental hosts (horses).
  • Moreover, it is important to raise public health awareness about the diseases these viruses can induce, potentially preventing the spread if caught and treated promptly.

Cite This Article

APA
Bażanów B, Jansen van Vuren P, Szymański P, Stygar D, Frącka A, Twardoń J, Kozdrowski R, Pawęska JT. (2018). A Survey on West Nile and Usutu Viruses in Horses and Birds in Poland. Viruses, 10(2), 87. https://doi.org/10.3390/v10020087

Publication

Viruses
ISSN: 1999-4915
NlmUniqueID: 101509722
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 10
Issue: 2
PII: 87

Researcher Affiliations

Bażanów, Barbara
  • Department of Pathology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw 50-375, Poland. barbara.bazanow@upwr.edu.pl.
Jansen van Vuren, Petrus
  • National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa. petrusv@nicd.ac.za.
  • Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa. petrusv@nicd.ac.za.
Szymański, Piotr
  • The Wild Animal and Bird of Prey Breeding and Protection Center (ZYS Foundation), Wroclaw 54-530, Poland. p.szymanski.saker@interia.pl.
Stygar, Dominika
  • Department of Physiology, School of Medicine with Dentistry Division in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice 40-055, Poland. dstygar@sum.edu.pl.
Frącka, Agnieszka
  • Department of Pathology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw 50-375, Poland. agnieszkafracka@gmail.com.
Twardoń, Jan
  • Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw 50-375, Poland. jan.twardon@upwr.edu.pl.
Kozdrowski, Roland
  • Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw 50-375, Poland. roland.kozdrowski@upwr.edu.pl.
Pawęska, Janusz T
  • National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa. januszp@nicd.ac.za.
  • Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa. januszp@nicd.ac.za.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Bird Diseases / epidemiology
  • Bird Diseases / immunology
  • Bird Diseases / virology
  • Child, Preschool
  • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
  • Horse Diseases / immunology
  • Horse Diseases / virology
  • Horses
  • Humans
  • Poland / epidemiology
  • Seroepidemiologic Studies
  • West Nile Fever / veterinary
  • West Nile virus / immunology

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

This article includes 56 references
  1. Di Sabatino D, Bruno R, Sauro F, Danzetta ML, Cito F, Iannetti S, Narcisi V, De Massis F, Calistri P. Epidemiology of West Nile disease in Europe and in the Mediterranean Basin from 2009 to 2013.. Biomed Res Int 2014;2014:907852.
    doi: 10.1155/2014/907852pmc: PMC4180897pubmed: 25302311google scholar: lookup
  2. Ashraf U, Ye J, Ruan X, Wan S, Zhu B, Cao S. Usutu virus: an emerging flavivirus in Europe.. Viruses 2015 Jan 19;7(1):219-38.
    doi: 10.3390/v7010219pmc: PMC4306835pubmed: 25606971google scholar: lookup
  3. Golnik W, Bażanów B, Florek M, Pawęska J. Prevalence of equine arteritis and West Nile virus—Specific antibodies in thoroughbred horses in Poland.. Ann. UMCS Sect. DDD 2008;26:1–4.
    doi: 10.2478/v10080-008-0104-zgoogle scholar: lookup
  4. Greene SE, Reid A. West Nile Virus. American Society for Microbiology 2013. FAQ.
  5. Rappole JH, Hubálek Z. Migratory birds and West Nile virus.. J Appl Microbiol 2003;94 Suppl:47S-58S.
    doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.94.s1.6.xpubmed: 12675936google scholar: lookup
  6. Ludolfs D, Niedrig M, Paweska JT, Schmitz H. Reverse ELISA for the detection of anti West Nile virus IgG antibodies in humans.. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2007 Jul;26(7):467-73.
    doi: 10.1007/s10096-007-0309-1pubmed: 17554572google scholar: lookup
  7. Venter M, Burt FJ, Blumberg L, Fickl H, Paweska J, Swanepoel R. Cytokine induction after laboratory-acquired West Nile virus infection.. N Engl J Med 2009 Mar 19;360(12):1260-2.
    doi: 10.1056/NEJMc0808647pubmed: 19297584google scholar: lookup
  8. Venter M, Human S, Zaayman D, Gerdes GH, Williams J, Steyl J, Leman PA, Paweska JT, Setzkorn H, Rous G, Murray S, Parker R, Donnellan C, Swanepoel R. Lineage 2 west nile virus as cause of fatal neurologic disease in horses, South Africa.. Emerg Infect Dis 2009 Jun;15(6):877-84.
    doi: 10.3201/eid1506.081515pmc: PMC2727306pubmed: 19523285google scholar: lookup
  9. Venter M, Steyl J, Human S, Weyer J, Zaayman D, Blumberg L, Leman PA, Paweska J, Swanepoel R. Transmission of West Nile virus during horse autopsy.. Emerg Infect Dis 2010 Mar;16(3):573-5.
    doi: 10.3201/eid1603.091042pmc: PMC3322023pubmed: 20202454google scholar: lookup
  10. Campbell GL, Marfin AA, Lanciotti RS, Gubler DJ. West Nile virus.. Lancet Infect Dis 2002 Sep;2(9):519-29.
    doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(02)00368-7pubmed: 12206968google scholar: lookup
  11. Komar N, Langevin S, Hinten S, Nemeth N, Edwards E, Hettler D, Davis B, Bowen R, Bunning M. Experimental infection of North American birds with the New York 1999 strain of West Nile virus.. Emerg Infect Dis 2003 Mar;9(3):311-22.
    doi: 10.3201/eid0903.020628pmc: PMC2958552pubmed: 12643825google scholar: lookup
  12. Niczyporuk JS, Samorek-Salamonowicz E, Mizak WK. The survey of wild birds for West Nile virus in Poland.. Pol J Vet Sci 2011;14(4):573-7.
    doi: 10.2478/v10181-011-0085-9pubmed: 22439327google scholar: lookup
  13. Hubálek Z, Wegner E, Halouzka J, Tryjanowski P, Jerzak L, Sikutová S, Rudolf I, Kruszewicz AG, Jaworski Z, Wlodarczyk R. Serologic survey of potential vertebrate hosts for West Nile virus in Poland.. Viral Immunol 2008 Jun;21(2):247-53.
    doi: 10.1089/vim.2007.0111pubmed: 18433332google scholar: lookup
  14. Niczyporuk JS, Samorek-Salamonowicz E, Lecollinet S, Pancewicz SA, Kozdruń W, Czekaj H. Occurrence of West Nile virus antibodies in wild birds, horses, and humans in Poland.. Biomed Res Int 2015;2015:234181.
    doi: 10.1155/2015/234181pmc: PMC4383358pubmed: 25866767google scholar: lookup
  15. Vazquez A, Jimenez-Clavero M, Franco L, Donoso-Mantke O, Sambri V, Niedrig M, Zeller H, Tenorio A. Usutu virus: potential risk of human disease in Europe.. Euro Surveill 2011 Aug 4;16(31).
    pubmed: 21871214
  16. Moniuszko-Malinowska A, Czupryna P, Dunaj J, Zajkowska J, Siemieniako A, Pancewicz S. West Nile virus and USUTU--a threat to Poland.. Przegl Epidemiol 2016;70(1):7-10, 99-102.
    pubmed: 27344466
  17. Epp T, Waldner C, West K, Townsend H. Factors associated with West Nile virus disease fatalities in horses.. Can Vet J 2007 Nov;48(11):1137-45.
    pmc: PMC2034420pubmed: 18050794
  18. Pecorari M, Longo G, Gennari W, Grottola A, Sabbatini A, Tagliazucchi S, Savini G, Monaco F, Simone M, Lelli R, Rumpianesi F. First human case of Usutu virus neuroinvasive infection, Italy, August-September 2009.. Euro Surveill 2009 Dec 17;14(50).
    pubmed: 20070936
  19. Weissenböck H, Kolodziejek J, Url A, Lussy H, Rebel-Bauder B, Nowotny N. Emergence of Usutu virus, an African mosquito-borne flavivirus of the Japanese encephalitis virus group, central Europe.. Emerg Infect Dis 2002 Jul;8(7):652-6.
    doi: 10.3201/eid0807.020094pmc: PMC2730324pubmed: 12095429google scholar: lookup
  20. Buckley A, Dawson A, Moss SR, Hinsley SA, Bellamy PE, Gould EA. Serological evidence of West Nile virus, Usutu virus and Sindbis virus infection of birds in the UK.. J Gen Virol 2003 Oct;84(Pt 10):2807-2817.
    doi: 10.1099/vir.0.19341-0pubmed: 13679615google scholar: lookup
  21. Buckley A, Dawson A, Gould EA. Detection of seroconversion to West Nile virus, Usutu virus and Sindbis virus in UK sentinel chickens.. Virol J 2006 Sep 4;3:71.
    doi: 10.1186/1743-422X-3-71pmc: PMC1569371pubmed: 16952307google scholar: lookup
  22. Rizzoli A, Rosà R, Rosso F, Buckley A, Gould E. West Nile virus circulation detected in northern Italy in sentinel chickens.. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2007 Fall;7(3):411-7.
    doi: 10.1089/vbz.2006.0626pubmed: 17767411google scholar: lookup
  23. Lelli R, Savini G, Teodori L, Filipponi G, Di Gennaro A, Leone A, Di Gialleonardo L, Venturi L, Caporale V. Serological evidence of USUTU virus occurrence in north-eastern Italy.. Zoonoses Public Health 2008 Sep;55(7):361-7.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2008.01146.xpubmed: 18667029google scholar: lookup
  24. Llopis IV, Rossi L, Di Gennaro A, Mosca A, Teodori L, Tomassone L, Grego E, Monaco F, Lorusso A, Savini G. Further circulation of West Nile and Usutu viruses in wild birds in Italy.. Infect Genet Evol 2015 Jun;32:292-7.
    doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.03.024pubmed: 25818400google scholar: lookup
  25. Vittecoq M, Lecollinet S, Jourdain E, Thomas F, Blanchon T, Arnal A, Lowenski S, Gauthier-Clerc M. Recent circulation of West Nile virus and potentially other closely related flaviviruses in Southern France.. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2013 Aug;13(8):610-3.
    doi: 10.1089/vbz.2012.1166pubmed: 23930977google scholar: lookup
  26. Petrović T, Blazquez AB, Lupulović D, Lazić G, Escribano-Romero E, Fabijan D, Kapetanov M, Lazić S, Saiz J. Monitoring West Nile virus (WNV) infection in wild birds in Serbia during 2012: first isolation and characterisation of WNV strains from Serbia.. Euro Surveill 2013 Oct 31;18(44).
    doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES2013.18.44.20622pubmed: 24176657google scholar: lookup
  27. Chaintoutis SC, Dovas CI, Papanastassopoulou M, Gewehr S, Danis K, Beck C, Lecollinet S, Antalis V, Kalaitzopoulou S, Panagiotopoulos T, Mourelatos S, Zientara S, Papadopoulos O. Evaluation of a West Nile virus surveillance and early warning system in Greece, based on domestic pigeons.. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2014 Mar;37(2):131-41.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cimid.2014.01.004pubmed: 24503179google scholar: lookup
  28. Engel D, Jöst H, Wink M, Börstler J, Bosch S, Garigliany MM, Jöst A, Czajka C, Lühken R, Ziegler U, Groschup MH, Pfeffer M, Becker N, Cadar D, Schmidt-Chanasit J. Reconstruction of the Evolutionary History and Dispersal of Usutu Virus, a Neglected Emerging Arbovirus in Europe and Africa.. mBio 2016 Feb 2;7(1):e01938-15.
    doi: 10.1128/mBio.01938-15pmc: PMC4742707pubmed: 26838717google scholar: lookup
  29. Meister T, Lussy H, Bakonyi T, Sikutová S, Rudolf I, Vogl W, Winkler H, Frey H, Hubálek Z, Nowotny N, Weissenböck H. Serological evidence of continuing high Usutu virus (Flaviviridae) activity and establishment of herd immunity in wild birds in Austria.. Vet Microbiol 2008 Mar 18;127(3-4):237-48.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.08.023pubmed: 17869454google scholar: lookup
  30. Weissenböck H, Bakonyi T, Rossi G, Mani P, Nowotny N. Usutu virus, Italy, 1996.. Emerg Infect Dis 2013 Feb;19(2):274-7.
    doi: 10.3201/eid1902.121191pmc: PMC3559058pubmed: 23347844google scholar: lookup
  31. Alsaleh K, Khou C, Frenkiel MP, Lecollinet S, Vàzquez A, de Arellano ER, Després P, Pardigon N. The E glycoprotein plays an essential role in the high pathogenicity of European-Mediterranean IS98 strain of West Nile virus.. Virology 2016 May;492:53-65.
    doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.02.009pubmed: 26896935google scholar: lookup
  32. Ziegler U, Jöst H, Müller K, Fischer D, Rinder M, Tietze DT, Danner KJ, Becker N, Skuballa J, Hamann HP, Bosch S, Fast C, Eiden M, Schmidt-Chanasit J, Groschup MH. Epidemic Spread of Usutu Virus in Southwest Germany in 2011 to 2013 and Monitoring of Wild Birds for Usutu and West Nile Viruses.. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2015 Aug;15(8):481-8.
    doi: 10.1089/vbz.2014.1746pubmed: 26273809google scholar: lookup
  33. Becker N, Jöst H, Ziegler U, Eiden M, Höper D, Emmerich P, Fichet-Calvet E, Ehichioya DU, Czajka C, Gabriel M, Hoffmann B, Beer M, Tenner-Racz K, Racz P, Günther S, Wink M, Bosch S, Konrad A, Pfeffer M, Groschup MH, Schmidt-Chanasit J. Epizootic emergence of Usutu virus in wild and captive birds in Germany.. PLoS One 2012;7(2):e32604.
    doi: 10.1371/annotation/6841c4e1-58e6-4412-9b71-bd6bc8bbe549pmc: PMC3289667pubmed: 22389712google scholar: lookup
  34. Hubálek Z, Halouzka J, Juricová Z, Sikutová S, Rudolf I, Honza M, Janková J, Chytil J, Marec F, Sitko J. Serologic survey of birds for West Nile flavivirus in southern Moravia (Czech Republic).. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2008 Oct;8(5):659-66.
    doi: 10.1089/vbz.2007.0283pubmed: 18454599google scholar: lookup
  35. Hubálek Z, Rudolf I, Čapek M, Bakonyi T, Betášová L, Nowotny N. Usutu virus in blackbirds (Turdus merula), Czech Republic, 2011-2012.. Transbound Emerg Dis 2014 Jun;61(3):273-6.
    doi: 10.1111/tbed.12025pubmed: 23095331google scholar: lookup
  36. Bażanów B, Jackulak N, Florek M, Staroniewicz Z. Equid Herpesvirus-Associated Abortion in Poland between 1977–2010.. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2012;32:747–751.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2012.03.001google scholar: lookup
  37. Stasiak K, Rola J, Ploszay G, Socha W, Zmudzinski JF. Detection of the neuropathogenic variant of equine herpesvirus 1 associated with abortions in mares in Poland.. BMC Vet Res 2015 May 1;11:102.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-015-0416-7pmc: PMC4416348pubmed: 25929692google scholar: lookup
  38. Timoney J, Gillespie JH, Scott FW, Barlough JE. Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Infection in Hagan and Bruner’s Microbiology and Infectious Diseases of Domestic Animals. 8th ed. Cornell University Press; Ithaca, NY, USA: 1988. pp. 467–468.
  39. Kuno G, Chang GJ, Tsuchiya KR, Karabatsos N, Cropp CB. Phylogeny of the genus Flavivirus.. J Virol 1998 Jan;72(1):73-83.
    pmc: PMC109351pubmed: 9420202doi: 10.1128/jvi.72.1.73-83.1998google scholar: lookup
  40. Pearce MC, Venter M, Schouwstra T, Van Eeden C, Jansen van Vuren P, Paweska JT, Liu B, du Plessis A. Serum neutralizing antibody response of seronegative horses against lineage 1 and lineage 2 West Nile virus following vaccination with an inactivated lineage 1 West Nile virus vaccine.. J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc. 2013;84:1–4.
    doi: 10.4102/jsava.v84i1.1052google scholar: lookup
  41. Juricová Z, Pinowski J, Literák I, Hahm KH, Romanowski J. Antibodies to alphavirus, flavivirus, and bunyavirus arboviruses in house sparrows (Passer domesticus) and tree sparrows (P. montanus) in Poland.. Avian Dis 1998 Jan-Mar;42(1):182-5.
    doi: 10.2307/1592593pubmed: 9533098google scholar: lookup
  42. Hubálek Z, Ludvíková E, Jahn P, Treml F, Rudolf I, Svobodová P, Šikutová S, Betášová L, Bíreš J, Mojžíš M, Tinák M, Boldižár M, Citsoňová G, Staššíková Z. West Nile Virus equine serosurvey in the Czech and Slovak republics.. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2013 Oct;13(10):733-8.
    doi: 10.1089/vbz.2012.1159pmc: PMC3787466pubmed: 23919605google scholar: lookup
  43. Csank T, Bhide K, Bencúrová E, Dolinská S, Drzewnioková P, Major P, Korytár Ľ, Bocková E, Bhide M, Pistl J. Detection of West Nile virus and tick-borne encephalitis virus in birds in Slovakia, using a universal primer set.. Arch Virol 2016 Jun;161(6):1679-83.
    doi: 10.1007/s00705-016-2828-5pubmed: 27001305google scholar: lookup
  44. Ziegler U, Skrypnyk A, Keller M, Staubach C, Bezymennyi M, Damiani AM, Osterrieder N, Groschup MH. West nile virus antibody prevalence in horses of Ukraine.. Viruses 2013 Oct 4;5(10):2469-82.
    doi: 10.3390/v5102469pmc: PMC3814598pubmed: 24100889google scholar: lookup
  45. Ziegler U, Seidowski D, Angenvoort J, Eiden M, Müller K, Nowotny N, Groschup MH. Monitoring of West Nile virus infections in Germany.. Zoonoses Public Health 2012 Sep;59 Suppl 2:95-101.
    doi: 10.1111/zph.12015pubmed: 22958253google scholar: lookup
  46. Samoilova TI, Votiakov VI, Titov LP. Virologic and serologic investigations of West Nile virus circulation in Belarus.. Cent Eur J Public Health 2003 Jun;11(2):55-62.
    pubmed: 12884543
  47. Wodak E, Richter S, Bagó Z, Revilla-Fernández S, Weissenböck H, Nowotny N, Winter P. Detection and molecular analysis of West Nile virus infections in birds of prey in the eastern part of Austria in 2008 and 2009.. Vet Microbiol 2011 May 5;149(3-4):358-66.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.12.012pubmed: 21276665google scholar: lookup
  48. Hermanowska-Szpakowicz T, Grygorczuk S, Kondrusik M, Zajkowska J, Pancewicz S. [Infections caused by West Nile virus].. Przegl Epidemiol 2006;60(1):93-8.
    pubmed: 16758745
  49. Saiz JC, Blazquez AB. Usutu virus: Current knowledge and future perspectives.. Virus Adapt. Treat. 2017;9:27–40.
    doi: 10.2147/VAAT.S123619google scholar: lookup
  50. Barbic L, Vilibic-Cavlek T, Listes E, Stevanovic V, Gjenero-Margan I, Ljubin-Sternak S, Pem-Novosel I, Listes I, Mlinaric-Galinovic G, Di Gennaro A, Savini G. Demonstration of Usutu virus antibodies in horses, Croatia.. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2013 Oct;13(10):772-4.
    doi: 10.1089/vbz.2012.1236pubmed: 23808977google scholar: lookup
  51. Lupulovic D, Martín-Acebes MA, Lazic S, Alonso-Padilla J, Blázquez AB, Escribano-Romero E, Petrovic T, Saiz JC. First serological evidence of West Nile virus activity in horses in Serbia.. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2011 Sep;11(9):1303-5.
    doi: 10.1089/vbz.2010.0249pubmed: 21438694google scholar: lookup
  52. Simpson DI. The susceptibility of Arvicanthis abyssinicus (Rüppell) to infection with various arboviruses.. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1966;60(2):248-54.
    doi: 10.1016/0035-9203(66)90037-Xpubmed: 5922614google scholar: lookup
  53. Savini G, Monaco F, Terregino C, Di Gennaro A, Bano L, Pinoni C, De Nardi R, Bonilauri P, Pecorari M, Di Gialleonardo L, Bonfanti L, Polci A, Calistri P, Lelli R. Usutu virus in Italy: an emergence or a silent infection?. Vet Microbiol 2011 Aug 5;151(3-4):264-74.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.03.036pubmed: 21550731google scholar: lookup
  54. Kubica-Biemat B. Distribution of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Poland.. Eur. Mosq. Bull. 1999;5:1–17.
  55. CBDK, Centralna Baza Danych Koniowatych—Central Equine Database. [(accessed on 10 January 2014)]; Available online: http://cbdk.pl/liczba-koniowatych-2013/
  56. Avibase—The World Bird Database. [(accessed on 24 June 2003)]; Available online: http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/checklist.jsp?region=PL.

Citations

This article has been cited 40 times.
  1. Hassanien RT, Hussein HA, Abdelmegeed HK, Abdelwahed DA, Khattab OM, Ali MH, Habashi AR, Ibraheem EM, Shahein MA, Abohatab EM. West Nile virus: The current situation in Egypt. Vet World 2023 May;16(5):1154-1160.
    doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.1154-1160pubmed: 37576775google scholar: lookup
  2. Gothe LMR, Ganzenberg S, Ziegler U, Obiegala A, Lohmann KL, Sieg M, Vahlenkamp TW, Groschup MH, Hörügel U, Pfeffer M. Horses as Sentinels for the Circulation of Flaviviruses in Eastern-Central Germany. Viruses 2023 Apr 30;15(5).
    doi: 10.3390/v15051108pubmed: 37243194google scholar: lookup
  3. Akinsulie OC, Adesola RO, Bakre A, Adebowale OO, Adeleke R, Ogunleye SC, Oladapo IP. Usutu virus: An emerging flavivirus with potential threat to public health in Africa: Nigeria as a case study. Front Vet Sci 2023;10:1115501.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1115501pubmed: 36875996google scholar: lookup
  4. Cavalleri JV, Korbacska-Kutasi O, Leblond A, Paillot R, Pusterla N, Steinmann E, Tomlinson J. European College of Equine Internal Medicine consensus statement on equine flaviviridae infections in Europe. J Vet Intern Med 2022 Nov;36(6):1858-1871.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.16581pubmed: 36367340google scholar: lookup
  5. Tinto B, Kaboré DPA, Kagoné TS, Constant O, Barthelemy J, Kiba-Koumaré A, Van de Perre P, Dabiré RK, Baldet T, Gutierrez S, Gil P, Kania D, Simonin Y. Screening of Circulation of Usutu and West Nile Viruses: A One Health Approach in Humans, Domestic Animals and Mosquitoes in Burkina Faso, West Africa. Microorganisms 2022 Oct 12;10(10).
    doi: 10.3390/microorganisms10102016pubmed: 36296292google scholar: lookup
  6. García-Bocanegra I, Franco JJ, León CI, Barbero-Moyano J, García-Miña MV, Fernández-Molera V, Gómez MB, Cano-Terriza D, Gonzálvez M. High exposure of West Nile virus in equid and wild bird populations in Spain following the epidemic outbreak in 2020. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022 Nov;69(6):3624-3636.
    doi: 10.1111/tbed.14733pubmed: 36222172google scholar: lookup
  7. Ganzenberg S, Sieg M, Ziegler U, Pfeffer M, Vahlenkamp TW, Hörügel U, Groschup MH, Lohmann KL. Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Equine West Nile Virus Infections in Eastern Germany, 2020. Viruses 2022 May 30;14(6).
    doi: 10.3390/v14061191pubmed: 35746662google scholar: lookup
  8. Ziegler U, Bergmann F, Fischer D, Müller K, Holicki CM, Sadeghi B, Sieg M, Keller M, Schwehn R, Reuschel M, Fischer L, Krone O, Rinder M, Schütte K, Schmidt V, Eiden M, Fast C, Günther A, Globig A, Conraths FJ, Staubach C, Brandes F, Lierz M, Korbel R, Vahlenkamp TW, Groschup MH. Spread of West Nile Virus and Usutu Virus in the German Bird Population, 2019-2020. Microorganisms 2022 Apr 12;10(4).
    doi: 10.3390/microorganisms10040807pubmed: 35456857google scholar: lookup
  9. Di Pol G, Crotta M, Taylor RA. Modelling the temperature suitability for the risk of West Nile Virus establishment in European Culex pipiens populations. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022 Sep;69(5):e1787-e1799.
    doi: 10.1111/tbed.14513pubmed: 35304820google scholar: lookup
  10. Bergmann F, Trachsel DS, Stoeckle SD, Bernis Sierra J, Lübke S, Groschup MH, Gehlen H, Ziegler U. Seroepidemiological Survey of West Nile Virus Infections in Horses from Berlin/Brandenburg and North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Viruses 2022 Jan 25;14(2).
    doi: 10.3390/v14020243pubmed: 35215837google scholar: lookup
  11. Störk T, de le Roi M, Haverkamp AK, Jesse ST, Peters M, Fast C, Gregor KM, Könenkamp L, Steffen I, Ludlow M, Beineke A, Hansmann F, Wohlsein P, Osterhaus ADME, Baumgärtner W. Analysis of avian Usutu virus infections in Germany from 2011 to 2018 with focus on dsRNA detection to demonstrate viral infections. Sci Rep 2021 Dec 17;11(1):24191.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-03638-5pubmed: 34921222google scholar: lookup
  12. de Heus P, Kolodziejek J, Hubálek Z, Dimmel K, Racher V, Nowotny N, Cavalleri JV. West Nile Virus and Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Are Endemic in Equids in Eastern Austria. Viruses 2021 Sep 19;13(9).
    doi: 10.3390/v13091873pubmed: 34578454google scholar: lookup
  13. Bażanów B, Pawęska JT, Pogorzelska A, Florek M, Frącka A, Gębarowski T, Chwirot W, Stygar D. Serological Evidence of Common Equine Viral Infections in a Semi-Isolated, Unvaccinated Population of Hucul Horses. Animals (Basel) 2021 Jul 30;11(8).
    doi: 10.3390/ani11082261pubmed: 34438717google scholar: lookup
  14. Böszörményi K, Hirsch J, Kiemenyi Kayere G, Fagrouch Z, Heijmans N, Rodriguez Garcia R, Dwarka S, van Dijke A, Aaldijk B, Limpens R, Barcena M, Koster B, Verstrepen B, Bogers W, Kocken C, Cornellissen G, Verschoor E, Faber B. A Bacterially-Expressed Recombinant Envelope Protein from Usutu Virus Induces Neutralizing Antibodies in Rabbits. Vaccines (Basel) 2021 Feb 16;9(2).
    doi: 10.3390/vaccines9020157pubmed: 33669414google scholar: lookup
  15. Constant O, Bollore K, Clé M, Barthelemy J, Foulongne V, Chenet B, Gomis D, Virolle L, Gutierrez S, Desmetz C, Moares RA, Beck C, Lecollinet S, Salinas S, Simonin Y. Evidence of Exposure to USUV and WNV in Zoo Animals in France. Pathogens 2020 Nov 30;9(12).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens9121005pubmed: 33266071google scholar: lookup
  16. Morel AP, Webster A, Zitelli LC, Umeno K, Souza UA, Prusch F, Anicet M, Marsicano G, Bandarra P, Trainini G, Stocker J, Giani D, Fortes FB, Goenaga S, Reck J. Serosurvey of West Nile virus (WNV) in free-ranging raptors from Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2021 Mar;52(1):411-418.
    doi: 10.1007/s42770-020-00393-zpubmed: 33108590google scholar: lookup
  17. Benzarti E, Garigliany M. In Vitro and In Vivo Models to Study the Zoonotic Mosquito-Borne Usutu Virus. Viruses 2020 Sep 30;12(10).
    doi: 10.3390/v12101116pubmed: 33008141google scholar: lookup
  18. Schvartz G, Tirosh-Levy S, Erester O, Shenhar R, Levy H, Bazanow B, Gelman B, Steinman A. Exposure of Horses in Israel to West Nile Virus and Usutu Virus. Viruses 2020 Sep 28;12(10).
    doi: 10.3390/v12101099pubmed: 32998459google scholar: lookup
  19. Vilibic-Cavlek T, Petrovic T, Savic V, Barbic L, Tabain I, Stevanovic V, Klobucar A, Mrzljak A, Ilic M, Bogdanic M, Benvin I, Santini M, Capak K, Monaco F, Listes E, Savini G. Epidemiology of Usutu Virus: The European Scenario. Pathogens 2020 Aug 26;9(9).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens9090699pubmed: 32858963google scholar: lookup
  20. Bakhshi H, Beck C, Lecollinet S, Monier M, Mousson L, Zakeri S, Raz A, Arzamani K, Nourani L, Dinparast-Djadid N, Failloux AB. Serological evidence of West Nile virus infection among birds and horses in some geographical locations of Iran. Vet Med Sci 2021 Jan;7(1):204-209.
    doi: 10.1002/vms3.342pubmed: 32858762google scholar: lookup
  21. Auerswald H, Ruget AS, Ladreyt H, In S, Mao S, Sorn S, Tum S, Duong V, Dussart P, Cappelle J, Chevalier V. Serological Evidence for Japanese Encephalitis and West Nile Virus Infections in Domestic Birds in Cambodia. Front Vet Sci 2020;7:15.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00015pubmed: 32064271google scholar: lookup
  22. Barba M, Fairbanks EL, Daly JM. Equine viral encephalitis: prevalence, impact, and management strategies. Vet Med (Auckl) 2019;10:99-110.
    doi: 10.2147/VMRR.S168227pubmed: 31497528google scholar: lookup
  23. Clé M, Beck C, Salinas S, Lecollinet S, Gutierrez S, Van de Perre P, Baldet T, Foulongne V, Simonin Y. Usutu virus: A new threat?. Epidemiol Infect 2019 Jan;147:e232.
    doi: 10.1017/S0950268819001213pubmed: 31364580google scholar: lookup
  24. Michel F, Sieg M, Fischer D, Keller M, Eiden M, Reuschel M, Schmidt V, Schwehn R, Rinder M, Urbaniak S, Müller K, Schmoock M, Lühken R, Wysocki P, Fast C, Lierz M, Korbel R, Vahlenkamp TW, Groschup MH, Ziegler U. Evidence for West Nile Virus and Usutu Virus Infections in Wild and Resident Birds in Germany, 2017 and 2018. Viruses 2019 Jul 23;11(7).
    doi: 10.3390/v11070674pubmed: 31340516google scholar: lookup
  25. Roesch F, Fajardo A, Moratorio G, Vignuzzi M. Usutu Virus: An Arbovirus on the Rise. Viruses 2019 Jul 12;11(7).
    doi: 10.3390/v11070640pubmed: 31336826google scholar: lookup
  26. Chen Z, Ye F, Lin S, Yang F, Cheng Y, Cao Y, Chen Z, Lu G. Crystal structure of Usutu virus envelope protein in the pre-fusion state. Virol J 2018 Nov 26;15(1):183.
    doi: 10.1186/s12985-018-1092-6pubmed: 30477514google scholar: lookup
  27. Gelskov LV, Johnston CM, Hammer ASV, Jensen TK, Lohse L, Belsham GJ, Rasmussen TB, Olesen AS. First detection of Usutu virus in wild birds in Denmark, 2024. Sci Rep 2026 Jan 13;16(1):5156.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-35874-ypubmed: 41530390google scholar: lookup
  28. Tuchynskaya K, Vorovitch M, Kruglov Y, Mostipanova G, Kholodilov I, Ivanova A, Kuchina V, Rogova A, Karganova G. Mono-WNV and combined WNV/TBEV inactivated vaccine efficacy against a wide range of WNV and TBEV strains. Front Immunol 2025;16:1715371.
    doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1715371pubmed: 41459502google scholar: lookup
  29. Niemiec P, Niczyporuk JS, Kozdruń W, Stolarek A, Mielczarek Ł, Słomczyński K, Barszcz K, Kuziora P, Jarosiewicz G, Jarosz A, Woźnica AJ, Zaleśny G, Gwardjan M, Ochała-Gierek G, Gierek M. West Nile Virus Pilot Screening in Field-Collected Aedes japonicus (Theobald, 1901): An Update of Species Distribution in Poland, 2025. Viruses 2025 Nov 19;17(11).
    doi: 10.3390/v17111515pubmed: 41305537google scholar: lookup
  30. Jourdan P, Martinet JP, Ferté H, Mathieu B, Vazeille M, Depaquit J, Failloux AB, Decors A, Charrel R. Absence of West Nile and Usutu Virus Persistence in Overwintering Mosquitoes in Northeastern France: Insights from Cold-Season Surveillance. Viruses 2025 Sep 6;17(9).
    doi: 10.3390/v17091217pubmed: 41012645google scholar: lookup
  31. Widlake E, Wilson R, Pilgrim J, Vaux AGC, Tanianis-Hughes J, Haziqah-Rashid A, Sherlock K, Delnicka A, Simpson A, Abbott AJ, Johnston CJ, Martin J, Barlow K, Aliski E, Shiels S, Gandy S, Biddlecombe SM, de Klerk J, Sedda L, Medlock JM, Baylis M, Blagrove MSC. Spatial distribution of Culex mosquitoes across England and Wales, July 2023. Parasit Vectors 2025 Aug 6;18(1):337.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-025-06975-wpubmed: 40770365google scholar: lookup
  32. Nelson AN, Sinha S, Mullin SJ, Carver SS, Cafiero TR, Lin AE, Schwartz RE, Ploss A. STAT1-mediated interferon signaling in the hematopoietic system is essential for restricting Usutu virus infection in vivo. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2025 Jul;19(7):e0013317.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0013317pubmed: 40694555google scholar: lookup
  33. Chevalier N, Migné CV, Mariteragi-Helle T, Dumarest M, De Mas M, Chevrier M, Queré E, Marcillaud-Pitel C, Lupo C, Bigeard C, Touzet T, Leblond A, Durand B, Depecker M, Gonzalez G. Seroprevalence of West Nile, Usutu and tick-borne encephalitis viruses in equids from south-western France in 2023. Vet Res 2025 Apr 24;56(1):91.
    doi: 10.1186/s13567-025-01508-wpubmed: 40275349google scholar: lookup
  34. Dziadek K, Niczyporuk JS, Styś-Fijoł N, Czujkowska A, Śmietanka K, Domańska-Blicharz K. Usutu virus continues to spread across Europe: first report of multiple molecular detections of the USUV Africa 2 and Africa 3 lineages in free-living and captive birds in Poland, July-November 2023. Vet Res 2025 Feb 17;56(1):43.
    doi: 10.1186/s13567-025-01460-9pubmed: 39962596google scholar: lookup
  35. Nelson AN, Ploss A. Emerging mosquito-borne flaviviruses. mBio 2024 Dec 11;15(12):e0294624.
    doi: 10.1128/mbio.02946-24pubmed: 39480108google scholar: lookup
  36. Prat M, Jeanneau M, Rakotoarivony I, Duhayon M, Simonin Y, Savini G, Labbé P, Alout H. Virulence and transmission vary between Usutu virus lineages in Culex pipiens. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024 Jun;18(6):e0012295.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012295pubmed: 38935783google scholar: lookup
  37. Simonin Y. Circulation of West Nile Virus and Usutu Virus in Europe: Overview and Challenges. Viruses 2024 Apr 12;16(4).
    doi: 10.3390/v16040599pubmed: 38675940google scholar: lookup
  38. Krambrich J, Bole-Feysot E, Höller P, Lundkvist Å, Hesson JC. Vector competence of Swedish Culex pipiens mosquitoes for Usutu virus. One Health 2024 Jun;18:100707.
    doi: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2024.100707pubmed: 38500563google scholar: lookup
  39. Bergmann F, Holicki CM, Michel F, Bock S, Scuda N, Priemer G, Kenklies S, Siempelkamp T, Skuballa J, Sauerwald C, Herms L, Muluneh A, Peters M, Hlinak A, Groschup MH, Sadeghi B, Ziegler U. Reconstruction of the molecular evolution of Usutu virus in Germany: Insights into virus emersion and circulation. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023 Oct;17(10):e0011203.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011203pubmed: 37782665google scholar: lookup
  40. Sauer FG, Lange U, Schmidt-Chanasit J, Kiel E, Wiatrowska B, Myczko Ł, Lühken R. Overwintering Culex torrentium in abandoned animal burrows as a reservoir for arboviruses in Central Europe. One Health 2023 Jun;16:100572.
    doi: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100572pubmed: 37363228google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,359 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.