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The Journal of physiology2013; 591(18); 4499-4513; doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.257956

Acetazolamide attenuates transvascular fluid flux in equine lungs during intense exercise.

Abstract:   During intense exercise in horses the transvascular fluid flux in the pulmonary circulation (Jv-a) represents 4% of cardiac output (Q). This fluid flux has been attributed to an increase in pulmonary transmural hydrostatic forces, increases in perfused microvascular surface area, and reversible alterations in capillary permeability under conditions of high flow and pressure. Erythrocyte fluid efflux, however, accounts for a significant fraction of Jv-a. In the lung the Jacobs-Stewart cycle occurs with diffusion of CO2 into alveolar space with possible accompanying chloride (Cl-) and water movement from the erythrocyte directly into the pulmonary interstitium. We hypothesised that inhibition of carbonic anhydrase in erythrocytes inhibits the Jacobs-Stewart cycle and attenuates Jv-a. Five horses were exercised on a treadmill until fatigue without (control) and with acetazolamide treatment (30 mg kg(-1) 30 min before exercise). Erythrocyte fluid efflux, plasma fluid flux across the lung and Jv-a were calculated using haemoglobin, haematocrit, plasma protein and Q. Fluid fluxes were used to calculate erythrocyte, plasma and whole blood Cl- fluxes across the lung. Cardiac output was not different between control and acetazolamide treatment. During exercise erythrocyte fluid efflux and Jv-a increased in control (9.3±3.3 and 11.0±4.4 l min(-1), respectively) and was higher than after acetazolamide treatment (3.8±1.6 and 1.2±1.2 l min(-1), respectively) (P<0.05). Plasma fluid flux did not change from rest in control and decreased after acetazolamide treatment (-4.5±1.5 l min(-1)) (P<0.05). Erythrocyte Cl- flux increased during exercise in control and after acetazolamide treatment (P<0.05). During exercise plasma Cl- flux across the lung did not change in control; however, it increased with acetazolamide treatment (P=0.0001). During exercise whole blood Cl- flux increased across the lung in control (P<0.05) but not after acetazolamide treatment. The results indicate that Jv-a in the lung is dependent on the Jacobs-Stewart cycle and mostly independent of transmural hydrostatic forces. It also appears that Jv-a is mediated by Cl- and water egress from erythrocytes directly into the interstitium without transit through plasma.
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Publication Date: 2013-07-01 PubMed ID: 23818694PubMed Central: PMC3784195DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.257956Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research study investigates the influence of Acetazolamide on the transvascular fluid flux within the lungs of horses during strenuous exercise. The study concludes that Acetazolamide effectively reduces the fluid flux in horses, and indicates that the flux is influenced by the Jacobs-Stewart cycle rather than by transmural hydrostatic forces.

Background

  • The study’s premise is a phenomenon observed in horses where intense physical activity increases fluid flux across the transvascular system in the lungs.
  • This fluid exchange amounts to 4% of the animal’s cardiac output and is believed to be due to an increase in pulmonary transmural hydrostatic forces, an increase in the perfused microvascular surface area, and reversible variations in capillary permeability under conditions of high blood flow and pressure.
  • Of the mechanisms contributing to this fluid flux, fluid efflux from erythrocytes is significant.
  • The Jacobs-Stewart cycle, which is the process of carbon dioxide diffusing into the alveolar space with possible associated chloride and water movement from the erythrocytes to the pulmonary interstitium, takes place in the lung.

Objective and Hypotheses

  • The study aims to understand whether inhibiting carbonic anhydrase in erythrocytes, which effectively inhibits the Jacobs-Stewart cycle, can reduce fluid flux.
  • The researchers hypothesize that Acetazolamide, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, can attenuate the fluid flux during intense exercise in horses.

Methodology and Findings

  • The study involved five horses who were subjected to strenuous exercise on a treadmill till they reached fatigue, both with and without Acetazolamide treatment.
  • Biological markers such as hemoglobin, hematocrit, plasma protein, and cardiac output were used to calculate erythrocyte fluid efflux, plasma fluid flux across the lung, and the overall fluid flux.
  • The research findings showed that fluid efflux and overall fluid flux increased during exercise in the control group but was significantly less in the group that received Acetazolamide treatment.
  • However, chloride flux from erythrocytes recorded an increase during exercise in both the control group and the Acetazolamide treatment group.
  • While plasma chloride flux did not change during exercise in the control group, it increased considerably in the group subjected to Acetazolamide treatment. Chloride flux in whole blood escalated across the lung in the control group during exercise, whereas it remained unchanged after Acetazolamide treatment.

Conclusion

  • The findings suggest that the fluid flux, indicated by the variable Jv-a, relies on the Jacobs-Stewart cycle and is relatively independent of transmural hydrostatic forces, contrary to previous assumptions.
  • The study also proposes that the fluid flux is mediated by chloride and water egress from erythrocytes directly into the interstitium, not involving plasma transit.
  • Effectively, the study concludes that the administration of Acetazolamide can attenuate the fluid flux in horse lungs during intense physical exertion and provides a new understanding of the mechanisms behind this fluid exchange phenomenon.

Cite This Article

APA
Vengust M, Staempfli H, Viel L, Swenson ER, Heigenhauser G. (2013). Acetazolamide attenuates transvascular fluid flux in equine lungs during intense exercise. J Physiol, 591(18), 4499-4513. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2013.257956

Publication

The Journal of physiology
ISSN: 1469-7793
NlmUniqueID: 0266262
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 591
Issue: 18
Pages: 4499-4513

Researcher Affiliations

Vengust, Modest
  • M. Vengust: University in Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty, Ljubljana SI-1115, PO Box 3425, Slovenia. modest.vengust@vf.uni-lj.si.
Staempfli, Henry
    Viel, Laurent
      Swenson, Erik R
        Heigenhauser, George

          MeSH Terms

          • Acetazolamide / pharmacology
          • Animals
          • Carbon Dioxide / blood
          • Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors / pharmacology
          • Chlorides / blood
          • Erythrocytes / drug effects
          • Erythrocytes / metabolism
          • Hematocrit
          • Horses
          • Lung / drug effects
          • Lung / metabolism
          • Lung / physiology
          • Physical Exertion
          • Pulmonary Circulation / drug effects
          • Pulmonary Gas Exchange

          Grant Funding

          • Canadian Institutes of Health Research

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          Citations

          This article has been cited 3 times.
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          3. Shnaiderman-Torban A, Pe'er O, Gustafsson K, Tatz A, Brizi M, Soback S, Abu Ahmad W, Magen R, Ofri R, Kelmer G. The effect of systemic acetazolamide administration on intraocular pressure in healthy horses-A preliminary study. Vet Ophthalmol 2025 Jan;28(1):66-72.
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