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Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)2021; 10(8); 983; doi: 10.3390/pathogens10080983

Active Circulation of Madariaga Virus, a Member of the Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Complex, in Northeast Brazil.

Abstract: Madariaga virus (MADV) is a member of the eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) complex that circulates in Central and South America. It is a zoonotic, mosquito-borne pathogen, belonging to the family . Disturbances in the natural transmission cycle of this virus result in outbreaks in equines and humans, leading to high case fatality in the former and acute febrile illness or neurological disease in the latter. Although a considerable amount of knowledge exists on the eco-epidemiology of North American EEEV strains, little is known about MADV. In Brazil, the most recent isolations of MADV occurred in 2009 in the States of Paraíba and Ceará, northeast Brazil. Because of that, health authorities have recommended vaccination of animals in these regions. However, in 2019 an equine encephalitis outbreak was reported in a municipality in Ceará. Here, we present the isolation of MADV from two horses that died in this outbreak. The full-length genome of these viruses was sequenced, and phylogenetic analyses performed. Pathological findings from postmortem examination are also discussed. We conclude that MADV is actively circulating in northeast Brazil despite vaccination programs, and call attention to this arbovirus that likely represents an emerging pathogen in Latin America.
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Publication Date: 2021-08-03 PubMed ID: 34451447PubMed Central: PMC8400464DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10080983Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research paper explores the active existence and circulation of the Madariaga virus (MADV) in Northeast Brazil. This virus, within the Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus (EEEV) complex, is known for outbreak episodes in equines and humans, causing severe cases of neurological diseases or acute illnesses. The study emphasizes the need to address this virus despite vaccination efforts, as it has potential risk as an emergent pathogen in Latin America.

Research Context

  • The Madariaga virus (MADV) is a part of the eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) complex and is known to circulate in Central and South America.
  • This virus spreads through mosquitoes and is classified as a zoonotic pathogen, implying it can transmit from animals to humans.
  • Outbreaks and disturbances in the natural transmission cycle of MADV can have fatal consequences, causing severe sickness or neurological diseases in humans and high case fatalities in equines.
  • While there is substantial knowledge on the eco-epidemiology of the North American EEEV strains, information on MADV is relatively scarce.
  • In Brazil, MADV was most recently isolated in 2009 in the states of Paraíba and Ceará, leading health authorities to recommend animal vaccinations in these regions. However, despite these measures, an equine encephalitis outbreak was reported in Ceará in 2019.

Objectives and Findings

  • The research aimed to study the current rate of MADV circulation in Northeast Brazil. For this, the MADV was isolated from two horses that died during the 2019 outbreak in Ceará.
  • The full-length genome of these viruses was sequenced, and a phylogenetic analysis was conducted. This process allowed the researchers to observe the virus’s genetic makeup and understand its evolutionary relationship with other viruses.
  • The findings from postmortem examinations were also discussed to understand the pathological impacts of the virus.

Conclusion and Implications

  • The study concludes that the MADV is actively circulating in Northeast Brazil, despite the implementation of vaccination programs, indicating that the current measures are not adequately controlling the virus.
  • The research raises concerns about this arbovirus which likely poses as an emerging threat in Latin America.
  • Further, the study emphasizes the significance of the MADV, urging increased attention, and more robust preventive measures and research.

Cite This Article

APA
Gil LHVG, Magalhaes T, Santos BSAS, Oliveira LV, Oliveira-Filho EF, Cunha JLR, Fraiha ALS, Rocha BMM, Longo BC, Ecco R, Faria GC, Furtini R, Drumond SRM, Maranhão RPA, Lobato ZIP, Guedes MIMC, Teixeira RBC, Costa EA. (2021). Active Circulation of Madariaga Virus, a Member of the Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Complex, in Northeast Brazil. Pathogens, 10(8), 983. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10080983

Publication

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)
ISSN: 2076-0817
NlmUniqueID: 101596317
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 10
Issue: 8
PII: 983

Researcher Affiliations

Gil, Laura H V G
  • Departamento de Virologia e Terapia Experimental, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife 50670-420, Brazil.
Magalhaes, Tereza
  • Departamento de Virologia e Terapia Experimental, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife 50670-420, Brazil.
  • Center for Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1685, USA.
Santos, Beatriz S A S
  • Laboratorio de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil.
Oliveira, Livia V
  • Departamento de Virologia e Terapia Experimental, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife 50670-420, Brazil.
Oliveira-Filho, Edmilson F
  • Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
Cunha, João L R
  • Laboratorio de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil.
Fraiha, Ana L S
  • Laboratorio de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil.
Rocha, Brenda M M
  • Laboratorio de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil.
Longo, Barbara C
  • Laboratorio de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil.
Ecco, Roselene
  • Setor de Patologia, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil.
Faria, Guilherme C
  • Laboratório de Saúde Animal, Instituto Mineiro de Agropecuária, Belo Horizonte 30110-005, Brazil.
Furtini, Ronaldo
  • Laboratório de Saúde Animal, Instituto Mineiro de Agropecuária, Belo Horizonte 30110-005, Brazil.
Drumond, Safira R M
  • Laboratório de Saúde Animal, Instituto Mineiro de Agropecuária, Belo Horizonte 30110-005, Brazil.
Maranhão, Renata P A
  • Clínica de Equinos, Hospital Veterinário, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31310-250, Brazil.
Lobato, Zélia I P
  • Laboratorio de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil.
Guedes, Maria Isabel M C
  • Laboratorio de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil.
Teixeira, Raffaella B C
  • Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36571-000, Brazil.
Costa, Erica A
  • Laboratorio de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil.

Grant Funding

  • 423115/20162 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientu00edfico e Tecnolu00f3gico

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.

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Citations

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